The human psychology and education communities (as well as some animal researchers!) have been against referring to “teaching” when describing social learning in animals, mainly because teaching implies a level of _____________ on the part of the model that is difficult to measure in animals. Nonetheless, there has been a movement within the animal cognition community to say that animals can, in fact, teach one another. For example, skilled ants engage in a behavior called tandem running, in which they touch their bodies to the body of a novice ant as they lay down chemical trails, presumably to assist the newcomer with route learning. Killer whales also repeat the same seal hunting technique in front of their offspring, sometimes without even killing the seal, leading researchers to ask why they would repeatedly catch and release a seal if they were not planning to eat it. Considering the amount of energy they’d have to expend, there would need to be a good reason, and that reason might be teaching.
* presumably: 추측상 ** offspring: 자손