Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Jessica:

In this digital age, images are essential units of information, and knowing how to use photography effectively is more important than ever. Fortunately, enrolling at the Hobbiton Institute of Photography is one of the easiest, most cost-effective ways to take your photography to the next level. You’ll be assigned a personal adviser, have your work evaluated by experienced experts, and receive insightful suggestions on how to make it better. You’ll also learn to think on your feet and develop the eye of a photographer. You can pursue your passion with us, and your photography will never be the same.

One day in February 2009, Stephanie called Betty, ① her best friend, who was the only employee of her business Best Wedding. Once again, they discussed the company’s expenses and dwindling revenue. But this time, Stephanie knew what she had to do. She gathered up her courage and told ② her friend and colleague: “I have to make this work. I have to let ③ you go.” Betty was hurt but wasn’t particularly surprised. In a businesslike fashion, the two women began figuring out how to disengage. Betty said she wanted to start her own event-planning business, and Stephanie agreed to let ④ her keep her existing clients, some photography, and documents and forms they had developed together. ⑤ She also gave Betty two months’ salary as severance pay.

* severance: 해직

On January 10, 1992, a ship (A) traveled / traveling through rough seas lost 12 cargo containers, one of which held 28,800 floating bath toys. Brightly colored ducks, frogs, and turtles were set adrift in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. After seven months, the first toys made landfall on beaches near Sitka, Alaska, 3,540 kilometers from (B) what / where they were lost. Other toys floated north and west along the Alaskan coast and across the Bering Sea. Some toy animals stayed at sea (C) even / very longer. They floated completely along the North Pacific currents, ending up back in Sitka.

Researchers studied two mobile phone companies trying to solve a technological problem. One company developed what it called a ‘technology shelf,’ created by a small group of engineers, on which ① was placed possible technical solutions that other teams might use in the future. It also created an open-ended conversation among ② its engineers in which salespeople and designers were often included. The boundaries among business units were deliberately ambiguous because more than technical information was needed ③ to get a feeling for the problem. However, the other company proceeded with more seeming clarity and discipline, ④ dividing the problem into its parts. Different departments protected their territory. Individuals and teams, competing with each other, stopped sharing information. The two companies did eventually ⑤ solve the technological problem, but the latter company had more difficulty than the former.

During the 1997 Kyoto negotiations, Brazil made a suggestion that has since become known as the Brazilian Proposal. ① Its idea was that countries should now share the burden of emissions cuts according to how historically responsible they were for the problem. ② In other words, we should calculate what concentration of greenhouse gases each country has put into the atmosphere over time and use those figures to allocate emissions cuts. ③ That would mean, for instance, that countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom, which have been emitting for longer than most countries, would bear a larger share than their current emissions implied. ④ Greenhouse gases have been known to absorb heat and hold this heat in the atmosphere, instead of reflecting it back into space. ⑤ It would also mean that big emitters that had developed their industries more recently, such as Australia, would bear less of a share.

It started out like any other day. I had no idea that I was in for one of the most terrifying experiences of my life. I headed to the beach and jumped on my surfboard and paddled out. I was about 150 yards off the beach, when I felt a sudden chill in the air followed by an uncomfortable stillness. Suddenly, I heard the lifeguard scream, “Get out of the water!” There was a certain panic in his voice that demanded attention. Then I saw something approaching me in the water. It was big and gray, and closing in on me fast. I tried to paddle back to shore but my arms and legs were paralyzed.

Many people use their cleverness to justify and excuse themselves for the messiness of their workspaces. They say things like, “I know where everything is.” Or they say non-humorous things such as, “A clean desk is a sign of a sick mind.” However, people who say they know where everything is turn out to be using a large amount of their mental capacity and creative energies remembering where they placed things, rather than doing the job. If they worked in a well-organized environment for any length of time, they would be surprised at how much more productive they were. If you have a tendency to attempt to explain a messy desk or work area, challenge yourself to work with a clean desk for an entire day. The result will amaze you.

What you do in the 15 to 30 minutes after eating your evening meal sends powerful signals to your metabolism. You’ll set the stage for more vigor throughout the evening hours along with a weight-loss benefit if you stay __________ after your meal. Among many possible activities, walking is one of the easiest ways to get some minutes of exercise after a meal. In fact, research shows that if you walk after a meal, you may burn 15 percent more calories than if you walk the same time, distance, and intensity on an empty stomach.

Interestingly, people are more overconfident when they feel like they have control of the outcome ― even when this is clearly not the case. For example, it is documented that if people are asked to bet on whether a coin toss is heads or tails, most bet larger amounts if the coin is yet to be tossed. If the coin is tossed and the outcome is concealed, people will offer lower amounts when asked for bets. People act as if _______________________. In this case, control of the outcome is clearly an illusion. This perception occurs in investing, as well. Even without information, people believe the stocks they own will perform better than stocks they do not own. However, ownership of a stock only gives the illusion of having control of the performance of the stock.

The truth is that everyone has a story. Every person we meet has a story that can, in some way, inform us and help us as we live the story of our own lives. When we acknowledge this truth and begin to look at others as _________________, we open ourselves up to new possibilities in our lives. In reality, the people who are most different from us probably have the most to teach us. The more we surround ourselves with people who are the same as we are, who hold the same views, and who share the same values, the greater the likelihood that we will shrink as human beings rather than grow.

Although there are numerous explanations for the fall of the Roman empire, the deeper cause lies in the declining fertility of its soil and the decrease in agricultural yields. Italy was densely forested at the beginning of Roman rule. By the end of the Roman Imperium, however, Italy had been stripped of forest cover. The timber was sold on the open market and the soil converted to crops and pastureland. The cleared soil was rich in minerals and nutrients and provided substantial production yields. Unfortunately, deforestation left the soil exposed to harsh weather. Wind blew across the barren landscapes and water ran down from the mountaintops and slopes, taking the soil with them. Overgrazing of livestock resulted in further deterioration of the soil. Consequently, Rome’s _____________ could not provide sufficient energy to maintain its infrastructure and the welfare of its citizens.

The identical claim, expressed in two social contexts, may have different qualifiers. When talking among friends, you might say, “Lucé is the world’s finest restaurant.” When speaking to a group of French chefs, you might find yourself saying, “Lucé is an excellent restaurant, comparable to some of the best in France.” Why did you say it differently? Perhaps because you expected a different critical scrutiny in the two groups. Maybe because your ____________________ was strong enough for friends but not as strong among the most knowledgeable. In each instance, you communicated the extent to which you wanted to qualify your claim, to guard yourself by restricting the extent to which you are willing to be held accountable for the claim.

Often in social scientific practice, even where evidence is used, it is not used in the correct way for adequate scientific testing. In much of social science, evidence is used only to affirm a particular theory ― to search for the positive instances that uphold it. But these are easy to find and lead to the familiar dilemma in the social sciences where we have two conflicting theories, each of which can claim positive empirical evidence in its support but which come to opposite conclusions. How should we decide between them? Here the scientific use of evidence may help. For what is distinctive about science is the search for negative instances ― the search for ways to falsify a theory, rather than to confirm it. The real power of scientific testability is negative, not positive. Testing allows us not merely to confirm our theories but to ____________________.

The term euphemism derives from a Greek word meaning ‘to speak with good words’ and involves substituting a more pleasant, less objectionable way of saying something for a blunt or more direct way. Why do people use euphemisms? They do so probably to help smooth out the ‘rough edges’ of life, to make the unbearable bearable and the offensive inoffensive. (A) __________, euphemisms can become dangerous when they are used to create misperceptions of important issues. (B) ___________, a politician may indicate that one of his statements was ‘somewhat at variance with the truth,’ meaning that he lied. Even more serious examples include describing rotting slums as ‘substandard housing,’ making the miserable conditions appear reasonable and the need for action less important.

Until the 1920’s, there were only three competitive swimming strokes ─ freestyle, backstroke, and breaststroke ─ and each had specific rules that described how it was to be performed. The rules of breaststroke ① stated that both arms must be pulled together underwater and then recovered simultaneously back to the start of the pulling position to begin the next stroke. Most people interpreted this arm recovery to mean an ② underwater recovery. In the 1920’s, however, someone ③ challenged the rules and reinterpreted this arm recovery to be an out-of-the-water recovery. Since this new breaststroke was about 15% ④ slower, people using the conventional version couldn’t effectively compete. Something had to be done to solve the problem. Finally, this new stroke ─ now known as the ‘butterfly’ ─ won ⑤ recognition as the fourth swimming stroke, and became an Olympic event in 1956.

Even those of us who claim not to be materialistic can’t help but form attachments to certain clothes. Like fragments from old songs, clothes can (A) evoke / erase both cherished and painful memories. A worn-thin dress may hang in the back of a closet even though it hasn’t been worn in years because the faint scent of pine that lingers on it is all that remains of someone’s sixteenth summer. A(n) (B) impractical / brand-new white scarf might be pulled out of a donation bag at the last minute because of the promise of elegance it once held for its owner. And a ripped T-shirt might be (C) rescued / forgotten from the dust rag bin long after the name of the rock band once written across it has faded. Clothes document personal history for us the same way that fossils chart time for archaeologists.

Living things naturally return to a state of balance. When we are disturbed by forces acting on us, our inner machinery kicks in and returns us to a balanced state of equilibrium. Homeostasis is the word we use to describe the ability of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. Most of the systems in animal and human physiology are controlled by homeostasis. We don’t like to be off balance. We tend to keep things in a stable condition. This system operates at all levels. Our blood stays the same temperature. Except for extraordinary exceptions, when people find ways to intervene using methods more powerful than our tendency to equilibrium, our habits, behaviors, thoughts, and our quality of life stay pretty much the same too.

All of us use the cultural knowledge we acquire as members of our own society to organize our perception and behavior. Most of us are also naive realists: we tend to believe our culture mirrors a reality shared by everyone. But cultures are different, and other people rarely behave or interpret experience according to our cultural plan. For example, an American anthropologist attempted to tell the classic story of Hamlet to Tiv elders in West Africa. She believed that human nature is pretty much the same the whole world over; at least the general plot and motivation of the great tragedy would always be clear. But, at each turn in the story when she told it, the Tiv interpreted the events and motives in Hamlet using their own cultural knowledge. The result was a very different version of the classic play.

The graphs above show the percentage of world electricity generation by sources of energy for 1971 and 2007. ① According to the graphs, the primary source of electricity generation in both 1971 and 2007 was coal and peat, accounting for over 40% of the total electricity generation. ② Oil showed the biggest decrease in electricity generation, which fell from 20.9% in 1971 to 5.6% in 2007. ③ The source that showed the biggest increase was nuclear, which rose from 2.1% in 1971 to 13.8% in 2007. ④ In 1971, hydro was the second biggest source of electricity generation, but in 2007, gas was the second biggest, accounting for more than 20% of the total electricity generation. ⑤ Besides coal and peat, hydro was the only source that accounted for more than 20% of the total electricity generation in both 1971 and 2007.

Marking the Nepal-Tibet border, Everest looms as a three-sided pyramid of gleaming ice and dark rock. The first eight expeditions to Everest were British, all of which attempted the mountain from the northern, Tibetan, side ― not because it presented the most obvious weakness in the peak’s formidable defenses but because in 1921 the Tibetan government opened its borders to foreigners, while Nepal remained off limits. The first Everesters were obliged to trek 400 miles from Darjeeling across the Tibetan plateau to reach the foot of the mountain. Their knowledge of the deadly effects of extreme altitude was limited and their equipment was poor. Yet in 1924, a member of the third British expedition, Edward Felix Norton, reached an elevation of 28,126 feet ― just 900 feet below the summit ― before being defeated by exhaustion and snow blindness. It was an astounding achievement that was not surpassed for 28 years.

Giorgio Vasari, the Italian painter, architect, and writer, was born in Arezzo in 1511. He was considered to be more successful as an architect than a painter. But what made him truly famous was his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects (shortened as Lives). It is not known exactly how many copies of the first edition of Lives, published in 1550, were printed, but it earned Vasari the praise of his peers. Then in a revised edition of Lives in 1568, complete with portraits of the artists, he combined biographical anecdotes with critical comment. Although the revised edition overshadowed Vasari’s own achievements as a painter and architect, it made him the most respected man of the Italian art world. He was even knighted by Pope Pius Ⅴ in 1571.

The good news is that it’s never too late to start building up muscle strength, regardless of your age. Ideally, though, it’s best to start in your mid-forties when muscle mass starts to decline significantly. “Once you’ve started, it can take just six weeks to see an improvement of up to 20 percent in your muscle capabilities,” says Dr. Ward. Studies have found that intense programs of strength training can help even weak older people double their strength, as well as enable them to walk faster and climb stairs more easily. And muscle isn’t all you gain ― strength training can help combat osteoarthritis, depression, and risk factors for heart disease and diabetes.

* osteoarthritis: 골관절염

Standard English allows access to certain educational and economic opportunities, which is the primary reason for teaching it. Students realize this when they interview for a first job or when they plan for post-high school education. So, what should teachers do when a student says, “I ain’t got no pencil,” or brings some other nonstandard dialect into the classroom? Opinions vary from ‘rejection and correction’ to complete acceptance. The approach most consistent with culturally responsive teaching is to first accept the dialect and then build on it. For example, when the student says, “I ain’t got no pencil,” the teacher might say, “Oh, you don’t have a pencil. What should you do, then?” Although results won’t be apparent immediately, the long-range benefits ― both for language development and attitudes toward school ― are worthwhile.

Emotional eaters manifest their problem in lots of different ways. For many people, one of the classic signs of emotional eating is night eating. Night eaters are often eating in response to anxiety or to the emotional turmoil they’ve experienced throughout the day. Boredom and loneliness are also more likely to come to the surface when the rush of the day is done and the night stretches ahead. Sometimes emotional eating is a reaction to a specific situation. You had a bad day at work. The kids have been so demanding that you are completely worn out. You and your significant other are fighting. It doesn’t matter what the circumstances are; the end result is that 99 times out of 100 you end up on the couch with a bowl of chips or bag of cookies in your hand, telling yourself it’s the only way you can relax.

* turmoil: 혼란

Giving people the latitude and flexibility to use their judgment and apply their talents rapidly accelerates progress. Send a message of respect and inspire people to be creative and use their individual talents toward the goals of the enterprise. Empower people by letting them know that you believe in them and allowing them to take action. Trusting people and empowering them also allows you to focus on the things you need to accomplish. Ellyn McColgan says, “I used to say to people all the time, ‘I can help you figure out just about any problem you throw at me, but is that really what you want from me?’ They would look at me funny and say, ‘Not really.’ I would say, ‘I think what you would like is to do a great job and then give me an opportunity to say, ‘Great job!’’ Then they would respond, ‘Yes, that’s true.’”

Do you worry about losing your good health? Do you fear that crime, war, or terrorist attacks will disrupt the economy and your security?

Sperm whales travel in social groups that cooperate to defend and protect each other, and may even share suckling of calves. ( ① ) It is difficult to determine the membership of these groups from sightings alone, because of the practical difficulties of observing whale behavior, most of which happens underwater. ( ② ) To make things even more difficult, sperm whales can travel across entire oceans and can dive to a depth of a kilometer. ( ③ ) Biologists who study whale behavior generally have to be content with hanging around in boats, waiting for their subjects to surface. ( ④ ) But when they do surface, in addition to taking photos which allow individual whales to be identified, biologists can zip over in worryingly small boats and pick up the bits of skin that the whales leave behind on the surface when they re-submerge. ( ⑤ ) This has allowed researchers to describe sperm whale social groups in detail.

* sperm whale: 향유고래

Mediation is a process that has much in common with advocacy but is also crucially different. It parallels advocacy in so far as it tends to involve a process of negotiation, but differs in so far as mediation involves adopting a neutral role between two opposing parties rather than taking up the case of one party against another. At times, particularly in very complex situations, the processes of advocacy and mediation can overlap, perhaps with very problematic results, as one loses clarity over his or her role. It is therefore important, if not essential, to maintain a clear focus in undertaking advocacy or mediation in order to ensure that the roles do not become blurred and therefore potentially counterproductive. For example, a mediator who ‘takes sides’ is likely to lose all credibility, as is an advocate who seeks to adopt a neutral position.

(A)

(A)

(A)

Since the beginning of time, the mysterious nature of dreaming has led people to believe that dreams were messages from the other world. Dreams have been regarded as prophetic communications which, when properly decoded, would enable us to foretell the future. There is, however, absolutely no scientific evidence for this theory. It is certainly true that individuals who are concerned about a traumatic event, such as the threat of the loss of a loved one who is sick, will dream about that loved one more than would otherwise be the case. If the dreamer then calls and finds that the loved one has died, it is understandable for him or her to assume that the dream was a premonition of that death. But this is a mistake. It is simply a(n) __________ correspondence between a situation about which one has intense concern and the occurrence of the event that one fears.

To prove the existence of premonitory dreams, scientific evidence must be obtained. We would need to do studies in which individuals are sampled in terms of their dream life and judges are asked to make correspondences between these dream events and events that occurred in real life. A problem that arises here is that individuals who believe in premonitory dreams may give one or two striking examples of ‘hits,’ but they never tell you how many of their premonitory dreams ‘missed.’ To do a scientific study of dream prophecy, we would need to establish some base of how commonly __________ correspondences occur between dream and waking reality. Until we have that evidence, it is better to believe that the assumption is false.

* premonitory: 예고의, 전조의

Since the beginning of time, the mysterious nature of dreaming has led people to believe that dreams were messages from the other world. Dreams have been regarded as prophetic communications which, when properly decoded, would enable us to foretell the future. There is, however, absolutely no scientific evidence for this theory. It is certainly true that individuals who are concerned about a traumatic event, such as the threat of the loss of a loved one who is sick, will dream about that loved one more than would otherwise be the case. If the dreamer then calls and finds that the loved one has died, it is understandable for him or her to assume that the dream was a premonition of that death. But this is a mistake. It is simply a(n) __________ correspondence between a situation about which one has intense concern and the occurrence of the event that one fears.

To prove the existence of premonitory dreams, scientific evidence must be obtained. We would need to do studies in which individuals are sampled in terms of their dream life and judges are asked to make correspondences between these dream events and events that occurred in real life. A problem that arises here is that individuals who believe in premonitory dreams may give one or two striking examples of ‘hits,’ but they never tell you how many of their premonitory dreams ‘missed.’ To do a scientific study of dream prophecy, we would need to establish some base of how commonly __________ correspondences occur between dream and waking reality. Until we have that evidence, it is better to believe that the assumption is false.

* premonitory: 예고의, 전조의