Woman:

Man:

Stephanie:

Dear Teachers,
We are pleased to introduce our company’s recently launched emergency training program for teachers. Our CPR class is the most common option for a school. We make it easy for teachers to participate in CPR training at a time to suit your school’s schedule. Our class offers you full life-saving expertise that you can then use to deliver vital support in emergencies. With the proper training, you will be able to perform CPR quickly and effectively and improve a sufferer’s chances of survival. To learn more about our CPR course offerings, please visit our website at www.thebestCPRedu.com.
* CPR(cardiopulmonary resuscitation): 심폐 소생술

A tear rolled down Lindsay’s cheek. She thought she had put her favorite toy, Blue Bunny, in her bag before school this morning. She had ‘show and tell’ in class today, and she was anxious. Her teacher, Mrs. Cline, might be angry that she had forgotten to bring it. She quickly searched the classroom and checked her bag one more time. Her precious Blue Bunny was a gift from her father, who worked overseas. It was nowhere to be found. Just then, Mrs. Cline appeared in the doorway. “Mrs. Cline!” Lindsay cried. “I can’t find my toy to show in class today. I’m sorry!” Mrs. Cline smiled gently. She was holding the toy. “Oh, Mrs. Cline! Thank you. I thought I had lost Blue Bunny!” Lindsay felt calm and comforted now that she had her toy again.

Once you start to see praise for what it is ― and what it does ― these constant little evaluative outbursts from adults start to produce the same effect as fingernails being dragged down a blackboard. You begin to root for a child to give his teachers or parents a taste of their own treacle by turning around to them and saying (in the same saccharine tone of voice), “Good praising!” Still, it’s not an easy habit to break. It can seem strange, at least at first, to stop praising; it can feel as though you’re being chilly or withholding something. But that, it soon becomes clear, suggests that we praise more because we need to say it than because children need to hear it. Whenever that’s true, it’s time to rethink what we’re doing. What kids do need is unconditional support, love with no strings attached. That’s not just different from praise ― it’s the opposite of praise.
* treacle: 당밀, 달콤한 것

People sometimes make downward social comparisons ― comparing themselves to inferior or worse-off others ― to feel better about themselves. This is self-enhancement at work. But what happens when the only available comparison target we have is superior or better off than we are? Can self-enhancement motives still be served in such situations? Yes, they can, as captured by the self-evaluation maintenance model. According to this theory, we shift between two processes ― reflection and comparison ― in a way that lets us maintain favorable self-views. In areas that are not especially relevant to our self-definition, we engage in reflection, whereby we flatter ourselves by association with others’ accomplishments. Suppose you care very little about your own athletic skills, but when your friend scores the winning goal during a critical soccer match, you beam with pride, experience a boost to your self-esteem, and take delight in her victory celebrations as if, by association, it were your victory too.
* flatter: 치켜세우다, 아첨하다

Some psychologists believe that insight is the result of a restructuring of a problem after a period of non-progress where the person is believed to be too focused on past experience and get stuck. A new manner to represent the problem is suddenly discovered, leading to a different path to a solution heretofore unpredicted. It has been claimed that no specific knowledge, or experience is required to attain insight in the problem situation. As a matter of fact, one should break away from experience and let the mind wander freely. Nevertheless, experimental studies have shown that insight is actually the result of ordinary analytical thinking. The restructuring of a problem can be caused by unsuccessful attempts in solving the problem, leading to new information being brought in while the person is thinking. The new information can contribute to a completely different perspective in finding a solution, thus producing the Aha! Experience.
* heretofore: 지금까지

When consumers lack adequate information to make informed choices, governments frequently step in to require that firms provide information. In the United States, we are all familiar with the mandatory nutritional information placed on food products. The Securities and Exchange Commission that monitors American stock markets forces firms to meet certain reporting requirements before their stock can be listed on exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange. Such reporting helps ensure that private investors have reliable information on which to base their investment decisions. Often, however, these regulations do not work adequately, as the Enron scandal in 2001 clearly illustrates. The oil trading company Enron had cooked its books to overstate its profitability in its mandated reports. One outcome of Enron’s subsequent financial collapse was the introduction of new regulations designed to improve the reliability of the information that companies must provide to the public.
* mandatory: 의무적인 ** subsequent: (결과로서) 일어나는

The above graph shows the number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in 2011 for six selected countries. ① All of the six countries have more multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in automotive industries than in all other industries. ② Among the countries in the graph, Japan has the largest number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in automotive industries. ③ While the Republic of Korea has the smallest number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in automotive industries, it has the largest number in all other industries. ④ Both the USA and the United Kingdom have more than 600 units of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in automotive industries but have fewer than 200 units in all other industries. ⑤ Among the six countries in the graph, Japan, Italy, and Germany are the top three countries for the number of multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 employees in automotive industries.

The brown tree snake has a large head with sticking-out eyes. The head is distinct from the narrow neck. Its body usually has a light brown background with a series of darker markings or bands on it. The snake is about 38 centimeters when it comes out of its egg, and usually reaches 1 to 2 meters long. This snake is infamous for causing the extinction of the majority of native bird species in Guam. Shortly after World War Ⅱ, the brown tree snake was accidentally brought into Guam from its native range in the South Pacific, probably as an unwanted passenger on a ship or plane. It is not hunted or eaten by any other animals in Guam and is therefore at the top of its food chain, which has led the snake to increase dramatically in number.

The lack of real, direct experience in and with nature has caused many children to regard the natural world as mere abstraction, that fantastic, beautifully filmed place ① filled with endangered rainforests and polar bears in peril. This overstated, often fictionalized version of nature is no more real ― and yet no less real ― to them than the everyday nature right outside their doors, ② waits to be discovered in a child’s way, at a child’s pace. Consider the University of Cambridge study which found that a group of eight-year-old children was able to identify ③ substantially more characters from animations than common wildlife species. One wonders whether our children’s inherent capacity to recognize, classify, and order information about their environment ― abilities once essential to our very survival ― is slowly devolving to facilitate life in ④ their increasingly virtualized world. It’s all part of ⑤ what Robert Pyle first called “the extinction of experience.”
* peril: 위험 ** devolve: 퇴화하다

Why does the “pure” acting of the movies not seem unnatural to the audience, who, after all, are accustomed in real life to people whose expression is more or less indistinct? Most people’s perception in these matters is not very sharp. They are not in the habit of observing closely the play of features of their fellow men ― either in real life or at the movies. They are (A) disappointed / satisfied with grasping the meaning of what they see. Thus, they often take in the overemphasized expression of film actors more easily than any that is too naturalistic. And as far as lovers of art are concerned, they do not look at the movies for imitations of nature but for art. They know that (B) artistic / real representation is always explaining, refining, and making clear the object depicted. Things that in real life are imperfectly realized, merely hinted at, and entangled with other things appear in a work of art complete, entire, and (C) free / inseparable from irrelevant matters. This is also true of acting in film.
* entangle: 얽히게 하다

Most of us probably parent the way we were parented. Louise, a mother who attended my seminars, shared how ① her mother dealt with sibling fighting. Louise said her mother’s infamous threat was always, “If you kids don’t stop fighting, ② I’m going to knock your three heads together!” Louise and her siblings were always puzzled about the specifics of how their mother would actually accomplish such a task, which, thankfully, ③ she never attempted. But what drove her mother to make this empty threat? Extreme annoyance with the sibling arguments, probably. No doubt, Louise’s mother had learned this threatening tactic from ④ her own mother, and, in the absence of any other parenting tools she knew of, she said it to her own children, regardless of whether it worked. If Louise had not learned the effective parenting skills taught in the seminars, ⑤ she would probably be using similarly ineffective threatening techniques with her own children today!
* sibling: 형제(의), 자매(의)

One unspoken truth about creativity ― it isn’t about wild talent so much as it is about _____________. To find a few ideas that work, you need to try a lot that don’t. It’s a pure numbers game. Geniuses don’t necessarily have a higher success rate than other creators; they simply do more ― and they do a range of different things. They have more successes and more failures. That goes for teams and companies too. It’s impossible to generate a lot of good ideas without also generating a lot of bad ideas. The thing about creativity is that at the outset, you can’t tell which ideas will succeed and which will fail. So the only thing you can do is try to fail faster so that you can move onto the next idea.
* at the outset: 처음에

Let me spend a moment on the idea of adjusting to another person’s mental orientation. What I mean is this. At any moment, a person has a _____________________________________. The person notices this rather than that, and she has feelings and makes judgements about one rather than another aspect of events. If she is hungry, for example, she may notice that a shop is selling groceries; her friend may notice only that it sells newspapers. If she is short of money, she may resent that the fruit is overpriced; meanwhile her friend may feel tempted by some juicy peaches. In one sense the two friends are experiencing the same shop and its contents, but they are having quite different experiences of that shop. A more extreme case arises when one person comprehends things in a peculiar and individual way, for instance, in mistaking the shop for a cinema.

Externalization is the foundation from which many narrative conversations are built. This requires a particular shift in the use of language. Often externalizing conversations involve tracing the influence of the problem in a child’s life over time and how the problem has disempowered the child by limiting his ability to see things in a different light. The counsellor helps the child to change by deconstructing old stories and reconstructing preferred stories about himself and his life. To help the child to develop a new story, the counsellor and child search for times when the problem has not influenced the child or the child’s life and focus on the different ways the child thought, felt and behaved. These _______________________________________________ help the child create a new and preferred story. As a new and preferred story begins to emerge, it is important to assist the child to hold on to, or stay connected to, the new story.

The narratives that people create to understand their landscapes come to be viewed as marketable entities and a source of income for residents. Landscapes with a strong place identity have an advantage in marketing to tourists, as it is relatively easy to compartmentalize and market their narratives. Such places may have disadvantages as well, however. If place identity is tied to a particular industry, local residents may feel strongly attached to the definitions of place that stem from involvement in that industry, and they may __________________________________ in favor of one based on a tourism industry. People rooted in landscape may feel strong connections to other community members and may resent the invasion of outsiders who they believe are different and challenge their common identity. Finally, local residents may feel that this process reduces their identities to mere commercial transactions, and they may believe they sacrifice what is unique and special about their place.
* entity: 실재 **compartmentalize: 구획하다 ***transaction: 거래

One of the hallmarks of evaluating the quality of a black tea is by assessing how tightly the leaves are rolled. Generally, higher-graded teas are teas with leaves that are tightly and uniformly rolled. ① Lower-graded teas, on the other hand, are teas with leaves that are loosely and inconsistently rolled. ② With that said, the tightness of the roll has more to do with the steepability of a leaf than it does with the taste of a tea. ③ The rolling of leaves is done by machine or, sometimes, by hand to break the cell walls of the leaves and release essential oils. ④ Therefore, one should not evaluate the tea’s drinkability or taste merely because its leaves are not tightly rolled. ⑤ It is common to find that people prefer the taste of looser rolled black teas over more expensive or more highly graded black teas that have been tightly rolled.
* hallmark: 특징, 특질 ** steepability: (차를) 우려낼 수 있음

It has been said that eye movements are windows into the mind, because where people look reveals what environmental information they are attending to. However, there is more to attention than just moving the eyes to look at objects.

Today the term artist is used to refer to a broad range of creative individuals across the globe from both past and present. This rather general usage erroneously suggests that the concept or word “artist” existed in original contexts.

The weakness of local networks lies in their self-containment, for they lack input as well as outreach. In a classic study of urban politics, Herbert Gans found that neighborhoods with the highest levels of solidarity often were unable to block unfavorable policies and programs for lack of ties to possible allies elsewhere in the city. It was for this reason that Gans referred to them as “urban villagers.” As the opposite of local networks, cosmopolitan networks offer little solidarity and have little capacity to comfort and sustain members. But members benefit from a constant flow of new information and from the great reach of their influence, even if it tends to be somewhat lacking in strength. Local networks tend to be small. In contrast, cosmopolitan networks can be huge. Thus, while the “urban villagers” lacked ties even to their local city government, cosmopolitan network ties often lead into the White House.
* ally: 동맹국, 협력자

An ecosystem that is altered or damaged in some way will be out of balance with the biome for that area. For example, if the local biome is forest, but the trees have been removed from one area, then the ecosystem is out of balance. The natural tendency is for plant species to move into that area, bringing the ecosystem back towards the biome state. The spread of a species into a new area is called colonisation. It can happen naturally only if there are ecologically healthy ecosystems nearby to provide plant seeds. Once the vegetation has started to recover, insects, birds and other animals will travel into the newly regenerated area. These processes of ecological colonisation can be supported by environmental ______________. For example, we are currently seeing important changes in the way agriculture is carried out in Britain. Rather than just maximising food production, farming is becoming more environmentally friendly, with the support of financial subsidies. This new approach increases biological diversity by conserving hedges and the wildflowers, insects, birds and other animals that live on the land. A proportion of agricultural land is left completely uncultivated so that species can gradually colonise it. This provides a habitat for a wider range of species. Leaving some farmland as set-aside is also a way to decrease overall production when that is economically desirable. Note that set-aside land is more permanent than fallow land, which is usually left for only a year. Colonisation is a slow process, taking place over years or even decades.
* biome: 생물군계 ** subsidy: 보조(금) *** fallow: 휴경

An ecosystem that is altered or damaged in some way will be out of balance with the biome for that area. For example, if the local biome is forest, but the trees have been removed from one area, then the ecosystem is out of balance. The natural tendency is for plant species to move into that area, bringing the ecosystem back towards the biome state. The spread of a species into a new area is called colonisation. It can happen naturally only if there are ecologically healthy ecosystems nearby to provide plant seeds. Once the vegetation has started to recover, insects, birds and other animals will travel into the newly regenerated area. These processes of ecological colonisation can be supported by environmental ______________. For example, we are currently seeing important changes in the way agriculture is carried out in Britain. Rather than just maximising food production, farming is becoming more environmentally friendly, with the support of financial subsidies. This new approach increases biological diversity by conserving hedges and the wildflowers, insects, birds and other animals that live on the land. A proportion of agricultural land is left completely uncultivated so that species can gradually colonise it. This provides a habitat for a wider range of species. Leaving some farmland as set-aside is also a way to decrease overall production when that is economically desirable. Note that set-aside land is more permanent than fallow land, which is usually left for only a year. Colonisation is a slow process, taking place over years or even decades.
* biome: 생물군계 ** subsidy: 보조(금) *** fallow: 휴경

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