Man:

Woman:

Man:

Amy:

My wife and I have enjoyed receiving your publication for years. Unfortunately, our jobs now have us both traveling most weeks, and we simply cannot keep up with a daily paper. So we would like to request that you stop delivery to our home. If you have questions about this matter, please leave a message at (212) 555-5612, and either my wife or I will call you back as soon as we can. Thank you for years of reliable delivery of a first-rate newspaper. If our situation changes, we will call you to resume delivery. In the meantime, we will expect delivery to stop no later than the end of this week.

Kate and Joan, who had not seen each other for three months, were chatting happily in Joan’s apartment. After a short conversation, Joan went to prepare coffee. Soon ① she came back with the cups and saucers and put them down on a small side table. While Joan was looking for a tablecloth, Kate was wandering around the room looking at the pictures on the walls. Intent on one of the pictures, ② she took a step back and hit the small table, tipping it over. All the cups and saucers were broken. Kate felt guilty for ③ her negligence. As she helped Joan clean up, ④ she tried to think of a way to compensate her for the damage. Later, Joan mentioned that she was looking for volunteers to work in a fair she was organizing. Although Kate had something important to do on that particular Sunday, she decided to cancel ⑤ her plans and volunteer to help Joan.

The word ‘courage’ takes on added meaning if you keep in mind that it is derived from the Latin word ‘cor’ ① meaning ‘heart.’ The dictionary defines courage as a ‘quality which enables one to pursue a right course of action, through ② which one may provoke disapproval, hostility, or contempt.’ Over 300 years ago La Rochefoucauld went a step further when he said: “Perfect courage is to do unwitnessed what we should be capable of doing before all men.” It is not easy ③ to show moral courage in the face of either indifference or opposition. But persons who are daring in taking a wholehearted stand for truth often ④ achieving results that surpass their expectations. On the other hand, halfhearted individuals are seldom distinguished for courage even when it involves ⑤ their own welfare. To be courageous under all circumstances requires strong determination.

* provoke: 유발하다

We anticipate the future as if we found it too slow in coming and we were trying to hurry it up. (A) So / Such imprudent are we that we wander about in times that are not ours and do not think of the one that belongs to us. We try to support the present with the future and (B) think / thinking of arranging things we cannot control, for a time we have no certainty of reaching. Examine your thoughts, and you will find them wholly (C) to occupy / occupied with the past or the future. We almost never think of the present, and if we do so, it is only to shed light on our plans for the future. The past and the present are our means; only the future is our end.

Consider the following implication involving the role of social bonds and affection among group members. If strong bonds make even a single dissent less likely, the performance of groups and institutions will be impaired. ① A study of investment clubs showed that the worst-performing clubs were built on affective ties and were primarily social, while the best-performing clubs limited social connections and focused on making money. ② Dissent was far more frequent in the high-performing clubs. ③ The low performers usually voted unanimously, with little open debate. ④ As illustrated in the study, the high performers placed more importance on social bonds than the low performers, resulting in their high rate of success. ⑤ The central problem is that the voters in low-performing groups were trying to build social cohesion rather than to produce the highest returns.

I have always taught my children that politeness, learning, and order are good things, and that something good is to be desired and developed for its own sake. But at school they learned, and very quickly, that children earn Nature Trail tickets for running the quarter-mile track during lunch recess. Or Lincoln Dollars for picking up trash on the playground or for helping a young child find the bathroom ― deeds that used to be called ‘good citizenship.’ Why is it necessary to buy the minimal cooperation of children with rewards and treats? What disturbs me is the idea that good behavior must be reinforced with incentives. Children must be taught to perform good deeds for their own sake, not in order to receive stickers, stars, and candy bars.

In a classic set of studies over a ten-year period, biologist Gerald Wilkinson found that, when vampire bats return to their communal nests from a successful night’s foraging, they frequently vomit blood and share it with other nest-mates, including even non-relatives. The reason, it turns out, is that blood-sharing greatly improves each bat’s chances of survival. A bat that fails to feed for two nights is likely to die. Wilkinson showed that the blood donors are typically sharing their surpluses and, in so doing, are saving unsuccessful foragers that are close to starvation. So the costs are relatively low and the benefits are relatively high. Since no bat can be certain of success on any given night, it is likely that the donor will itself eventually need help from some nest-mate. In effect, the vampire bats have created a kind of _____________________.

* forage: 먹이를 찾아다니다

One of the little understood paradoxes in communication is that the more difficult the word, the shorter the explanation. The more meaning you can pack into a single word, the fewer words are needed to get the idea across. Big words are resented by persons who don’t understand them and, of course, very often they are used to confuse and impress rather than clarify. But this is not the fault of language; it is the arrogance of the individual who misuses the tools of communication. The best reason for acquiring a large vocabulary is that ____________________. A genuinely educated person can express himself tersely and trimly. For example, if you don’t know, or use, the word ‘imbricate,’ you have to say to someone, ‘having the edges overlapping in a regular arrangement like tiles on a roof, scales on a fish, or sepals on a plant.’ More than 20 words to say what can be said in one.

So far as you are wholly concentrated on bringing about a certain result, clearly the quicker and easier it is brought about the better. Your resolve to secure a sufficiency of food for yourself and your family will induce you to spend weary days in tilling the ground and tending livestock; but if Nature provided food and meat in abundance ready for the table, you would thank Nature for sparing you much labor and consider yourself so much the better off. An executed purpose, in short, is a transaction in which the time and energy spent on the execution are balanced against the resulting assets, and the ideal case is one in which ____________________. Purpose, then, justifies the efforts it exacts only conditionally, by their fruits.

Psychologist Solomon Asch wanted to discover whether people’s tendency to agree with their peers was stronger than their tendency toward independent thought and rational judgment. Asch assembled groups of twelve university students and announced that they were taking part in an experiment on visual perception. He showed them three line segments, and asked each one in turn which line was the longest. It was an easy task and the correct answer was obvious. However, Asch had secretly instructed all but the last person in each group, who was the real subject of the experiment, to say that the medium-length line was the longest. As it turned out, over 70 percent of the real subjects ____________________ and said that the medium-length line was the longest.

Journeys are the midwives of thought. Few places are more conducive to internal conversations than a moving plane, ship, or train. There is an almost peculiar correlation between what is in front of our eyes and the thoughts we are able to have in our heads: large thoughts at times requiring large views, new thoughts new places. Introspective reflections which are liable to stall are helped along by the flow of the landscape. The mind ____________________ when thinking is all it is supposed to do. The task can be as paralyzing as having to tell a joke or mimic an accent on demand. Thinking improves when parts of the mind are given other tasks, are charged with listening to music or following a line of trees.

It is a fundamental mistake to imagine that when we see the non-value in a value or the untruth in a truth, the value or the truth ceases to exist. It has only become relative. Everything human is relative, because everything rests on an inner polarity; for everything is a phenomenon of energy. Energy necessarily depends on a pre-existing polarity, without which there could be no energy. There must always be high and low, hot and cold, etc., so that the equilibrating process ― which is energy ― can take place. Therefore the tendency to deny all previous values in favor of their opposites is just ____________________. And in so far as it is a question of rejecting universally accepted and indubitable values, the result is a fatal loss.

Jess took another step forward. The ground fell with unexpected sharpness, and the water level seemed to jump from her knees to her waist. She stopped for a moment and anxiously scanned the river before her. Her legs started to shake and she felt her body stiffen. And this was an unknown river. There could be reeds, or other dangers she didn’t know about. She was concerned that as a townie, she’d had little experience of the countryside, and none at all of swimming in rivers. It didn’t look safe enough but she didn’t want to turn back. She took a deep breath and pushed herself into the water. It felt nice and cool, not as freezing as when she had first stepped into it. The water seemed to welcome and embrace her. She liked the clean, luxuriant feeling as she swept down with the current.

Contrary to what we usually believe, the best moments in our lives are not the passive, receptive, relaxing times ― although such experiences can also be enjoyable, if we have worked hard to (A) attain / avoid them. The best moments usually occur when a person’s body or mind is stretched to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile. (B) Optimal / Minimal experience is thus something that we make happen. For a child, it could be placing with trembling fingers the last block on a tower she has built, higher than any she has built so far; for a sprinter, it could be trying to beat his own record; for a violinist, mastering an (C) uncomplicated / intricate musical passage. For each person there are thousands of opportunities, challenges to expand ourselves.

Many people take numerous photos while traveling or on vacation or during significant life celebrations to ① preserve the experience for the future. But the role of photographer may actually detract from their ② delight in the present moment. I know a father who devoted himself earnestly to photographing the birth of his first and only child. The photos were beautiful but, he ③ lamented afterward he felt that he had missed out on the most important first moment of his son’s life. Looking through the camera lens made him ④ detached from the scene. He was just an observer, not an experiencer. Teach yourself to use your camera in a way that ⑤ neglects your ongoing experiences, by truly looking at things and noticing what is beautiful and meaningful.

No matter how good your product is, remember that perfection of an existing product is not necessarily the best investment one can make. (A) __________, the Erie Canal, which took four years to build, was regarded as the height of efficiency in its day. What its builders had not considered was that the advent of the railroad would assure the canal’s instant downfall. By the time the canal was finished, the railroad had been established as the fittest technology for transportation. (B) __________, when the fuel cell becomes the automotive engine of choice, the car companies focusing on increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engine may find themselves left behind. Is it time to keep making what you are making? Or is it time to create a new niche? Innovation requires noticing signals outside the company itself: signals in the community, the environment, and the world at large.

* niche: 틈새

Experienced writers invariably write in a climate of discussion. Their writing is usually embedded in a context of others’ ideas and opinions. Many writers, especially in the academic community, are directly responding to other writers ― a scientist reexamining the experimental procedures of other scientists; a literary critic taking exception to a prevailing method of interpretation; a sociologist offering an alternative explanation of a colleague’s data; a historian participating as respondent in a conference. Such people are not writing in a vacuum. Their ideas often originate in discussion, their writing is a response to discussion, and their papers are designed to stimulate further discussion.

Habitat diversity refers to the variety of places where life exists. Each habitat is the home of numerous species, most of which depend on that habitat. When it disappears, a vast number of species disappear as well. More often, an entire habitat does not completely disappear but instead is reduced gradually until only small patches remain. This has happened to old-growth forests and coastal wetlands in the United States and is now occurring in tropical forests throughout the world. Elimination of all but small patches of habitat is especially damaging because it not only eliminates many local species but also threatens those species that depend on vast acreage for their survival.

Around 350 B.C. there lived in Greece a very famous painter named Apelles. It was his practice to conceal himself at previews of his paintings in order to hear the public’s opinions of his masterpieces. At one such preview a bootmaker criticized the shoes in a painting on which Apelles had labored long and hard. After correcting the picture the painter arranged a second preview. This time the bootmaker began to criticize the anatomy of one of the characters. Apelles was unable to restrain himself, for he knew that the criticism was unjust and the man knew nothing about anatomy. From his hiding place Apelles shouted, “Bootmaker, stick to your last!” From that time it has been the custom to ridicule the people who act like they know what they do not with the pointed caution, “Stick to your last!”

Bristlecone pines are unusual trees that grow in the mountain regions of western America, sometimes as high as two or more miles above sea level. They grow very slowly and range from 15 to 40 feet in height. These evergreens often live for thousands of years. Considering the habitat of these trees, such as rocky areas where the soil is poor and precipitation is slight, it seems almost incredible that they should live so long or even survive at all. The environmental adversities, however, actually contribute to their longevity. Cells that are produced as a result of these conditions are densely arranged. The densely structured wood is resistant to invasion by insects and other potential pests. Bristlecone pines grow faster in richer conditions, but die earlier and soon decay. The harshness of their surroundings, then, is a vital factor in making them strong and sturdy.

The above graph shows the percentage of children from birth to 5 years of age by gender diagnosed with asthma in rural and urban areas in Canada for the 2000-2001, 2002-2003, and 2004-2005 periods. ① For both rural and urban areas, the percentages of male children diagnosed with asthma were higher than those of female children for all the periods. ② During all the periods, the percentages of male children with asthma were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. ③ Regarding female children with asthma, the lowest percentage in urban areas was greater than the highest percentage in rural areas. ④ In urban areas, the percentage of male children with asthma in the 2004-2005 period was lower than that of male children with asthma in the 2000-2001 period. ⑤ In rural areas, the percentages of female children with asthma were the same in the 2002-2003 period and the 2004-2005 period.

* asthma: 천식

Most people attack a new problem by relying heavily on the tools and skills that are most familiar to them. While this approach can work well for problems that are similar to those previously solved, it often fails, and fails miserably, when a new problem is particularly novel. In this circumstance, it is best to assume nothing and treat the problem as if you have never seen anything like it before. In martial arts, this sense of looking freshly at something is known as ‘beginner’s mind.’ Beginners to any art don’t know what is important and what is irrelevant, so they try to absorb every detail. Experienced martial artists use their experience as a filter to separate the essential from the irrelevant. When that filter mistakenly screens out something essential, then even seasoned masters can make mistakes.

You see the world as one big contest, where everyone is competing against everybody else. You feel that there is a set amount of good and bad fortune out there. You believe that there is no way that everyone can have everything. When other people fail, you feel there’s a better chance for you to succeed. However, there is not a limited supply of resources out there. When one person wins, everyone wins. Every victory one person makes is a breakthrough for all. Whenever an Olympic swimmer sets a new world record, it inspires others to bring out the best within them and go beyond that achievement to set new records of human performance. Whenever a geneticist unlocks new secrets of the DNA molecule, it adds to our knowledge base and enables us to better the human condition. Remember that life is a game where there are multiple winners.

University students in several of my seminar classes sat in a circle and each student took turns telling the others his or her name. At the end of the round of introductions, the students were asked to write down the names of as many other students as they could remember. In almost every case, students wrote down the names of students that were seated far away from them. However, surprisingly, they weren’t able to recall the names of students who were seated close to them. This effect was worst for the students who sat on either side of them. What was the reason for such findings? The student who was next in line for an introduction was clearly on edge and after finishing his or her introduction, he or she was preoccupied with calming his or her nerves. The effect was clearly due to the social anxiety they experienced immediately before and after having to introduce themselves to the entire group.

Richard Dawkins and John Krebs argued that although in some circumstances it might be appropriate to describe animal signals as transferring information, in many other, perhaps most, cases there would be such a conflict of interest between signaller and receiver that it is more accurate to describe the signaller as attempting to ‘manipulate’ the receiver rather than just inform it. For example, an angler fish that dangles a worm-like bit of skin in front of a small fish and catches it because the smaller fish snaps at the ‘worm’ can certainly be said to have carried out a successful manipulation of its prey. In this case, if information has been transferred, it is most definitely false.

* dangle: 매달다

The body has been viewed as a ‘natural’ phenomenon ― a fixed, unchanging fact of nature. Recently, however, it is also being seen as a part of culture in the sense that it can be socially defined in different ways.

Why eat a cookie? Some reasons might be to satisfy your hunger, to increase your sugar level, or just to have something to chew on. ( ① ) It appears that cookie-producing companies are becoming aware of some other influences and, as a result, are delivering to the market products resulting from their awareness. ( ② ) These relatively new product offerings are usually referred to as ‘soft’ or ‘chewy’ cookies, to distinguish them from the more typical crunchy varieties. ( ③ ) Why all the fuss over their introduction? ( ④ ) Apparently much of their appeal has to do with childhood memories of sitting on the back steps devouring those melt-in-your-mouth cookies that were delivered by Mom straight from the oven, while they were still soft. ( ⑤ ) This emotional and sensory appeal of soft cookies is apparently at least as strong as are the physical cravings that the product satisfies.

Unlike the modern society, the primitive society has less specialized knowledge to transmit, and since its way of life is enacted before the eyes of all, it has no need to create a separate institution of education such as the school. Instead, the child acquires the heritage of his culture by observing and imitating adults in such activities as rituals, hunts, festivals, cultivation, and harvesting. As a result, there is little or none of that alienation of young from old so marked in modern industrial societies. A further reason for this alienation in modern societies is that in his conception of reality the modern adult owes less to his direct experience and more to the experience of his culture than does primitive man. Clearly, his debt to culture will vary with the nature of his education. Hence, the contemporary child must travel much further than the offspring of primitive man to acquire the world view of his elders. He is, therefore, that much more removed from the adults of his society.

Many people believe that it is critical to share similar, if not identical, beliefs and values with someone with whom they have a relationship. While this may seem preferable, it is far from mandatory. Individuals from extremely diverse backgrounds have learned to overlook their differences and live harmonious, loving lives together. I’ve seen people from opposite ends of the spectrum economically and politically that ended up in happy, lasting marriages. I’ve seen couples from different ethnic groups merge into harmonious relationships, and I’ve seen people from different religions come together for a strong, lasting bond. Furthermore, many good friends have little in common except a warm loving feeling of respect and rapport. That’s the only essential thing.

People who enjoy the best relationships with others, who live life with the least frustration regarding their differences, have learned that differences are to be expected, a fact of life. This understanding must go beyond a mere intellectual ‘I know we’re all different.’ You must truly own this idea and incorporate it into your daily life.

The way I see it, we have only two realistic choices. We can __________ the principle of separate realities and remain frustrated and angry over the fact that no one seems to conform to our way of thinking, or we can strive to understand what in Eastern philosophy is called ‘the way of things.’ Separate realities is the way things really are. Everyone is unique and has different gifts to offer. When we look for these gifts we will surely find them ― and in doing so, we will open the door to a world of personal growth.

* rapport: 친밀한(공감적인) 관계

Many people believe that it is critical to share similar, if not identical, beliefs and values with someone with whom they have a relationship. While this may seem preferable, it is far from mandatory. Individuals from extremely diverse backgrounds have learned to overlook their differences and live harmonious, loving lives together. I’ve seen people from opposite ends of the spectrum economically and politically that ended up in happy, lasting marriages. I’ve seen couples from different ethnic groups merge into harmonious relationships, and I’ve seen people from different religions come together for a strong, lasting bond. Furthermore, many good friends have little in common except a warm loving feeling of respect and rapport. That’s the only essential thing.

People who enjoy the best relationships with others, who live life with the least frustration regarding their differences, have learned that differences are to be expected, a fact of life. This understanding must go beyond a mere intellectual ‘I know we’re all different.’ You must truly own this idea and incorporate it into your daily life.

The way I see it, we have only two realistic choices. We can __________ the principle of separate realities and remain frustrated and angry over the fact that no one seems to conform to our way of thinking, or we can strive to understand what in Eastern philosophy is called ‘the way of things.’ Separate realities is the way things really are. Everyone is unique and has different gifts to offer. When we look for these gifts we will surely find them ― and in doing so, we will open the door to a world of personal growth.

* rapport: 친밀한(공감적인) 관계

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