Woman:

Man:

Woman:

Julie’s father:

This, in the simplest definition, is a promise enforceable by law. The promise may be to do something or to stop from doing something. The making of this requires the mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, one of them ordinarily making an offer and another accepting. If one of the parties fails to keep the promise, the other has rights to compensation. The law about this considers such questions as whether this exists, what the meaning of this is, whether this has been broken, and what compensation is due to the injured party.

It was a beautiful Friday afternoon and the weekend was about to begin, but Rob had a lot on his mind. ① He had been putting off doing his chemistry report which was due on Monday. After borrowing some books from the library, he went home. Later that evening, ② he was doing the assignment when his father came in. “What are you doing, kid?” he asked. “Biography of Marie Curie,” Rob said absently as ③ he was typing on his computer. “Really? I did that for a chemistry assignment when I was in school,” his father said. “Why don’t you find some information from the encyclopedia over there?” ④ he added. Rob grabbed the encyclopedia. He smiled thinking that even though he was practically born playing computer games, ⑤ he was still doing the same assignments his father did over 20 years ago.

Upon receiving your last letter, I rushed to look up the word ‘flattering’ in the dictionary. I was shocked to find out that it could imply something negative, which I certainly did not mean. I should have used some word like ‘complimentary’ instead. For that, I would like to ask for the kindness in your heart to forgive my unintended offense. If you knew me well, you would know that I am shameless enough to take all compliments at their face value and not to think that they might be mere flattery. I just did not know what the word really implied. I hope that you no longer feel hurt or uncomfortable in any way as a result of our correspondence.

While awaiting the birth of a new baby, North American parents typically furnish a room as the infant’s sleeping quarters. For decades, child-rearing advice from experts has (A) encouraged / been encouraged the nighttime separation of baby from parent. For example, a study recommends that babies be moved into their own room by three months of age. “By six months a child (B) who / whom regularly sleeps in her parents’ room is likely to become dependent on this arrangement,” reports the study. Yet parent-infant ‘co-sleeping’ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world’s population. Cultures as (C) diverse / diversely as the Japanese, the Guatemalan Maya, and the Inuit of Northwestern Canada practice it.

While manned space missions are more costly than unmanned ① ones, they are more successful. Robots and astronauts use ② much of the same equipment in space. But a human is much more capable of operating those instruments correctly and ③ to place them in appropriate and useful positions. Rarely ④ is a computer more sensitive and accurate than a human in managing the same geographical or environmental factors. Robots are also not equipped with capabilities like humans to solve problems ⑤ as they arise, and they often collect data that are unhelpful or irrelevant.

Most of you experience urges when trying to break a habit and these can be hard to resist unless you find something else to do instead, and best of all, something that uses the same part of the body ― even the same muscles. ① If the habit involves your hands, as when pulling out hair, then try to occupy them in some other way. ② Playing with a toy or opening and closing your fists for a couple of minutes might be an answer. ③ The habit of scratching can be replaced with rubbing in some lotion or patting with the palm of the hand. ④ If the itches, however, do not disappear, stop scratching and take the medicine. ⑤ One 35-year-old woman who used to rub her eyes with her hands until they became sore and infected found it helpful to put on make-up when she was tempted to rub.

In this modern world, people are not used to living with discomfort. We expect immediate results and satisfaction. We want answers faster than they can be delivered. There is twenty-four-hour repair and round-the-clock shopping. If we are hungry, there is always food available, from microwave dinners to all-night grocery stores and restaurants. People no longer know how to wait, or even what waiting means. It is nice to have what you want when you want it, but the ability to delay satisfaction is important. __________ is clearly an important virtue, yet so many people stand in front of their microwaves thinking “Hurry up!”

The goal of medicine as it is currently practiced is to develop procedures and drugs that work equally well on all patients, regardless of gender, age, or genetics. It derives from the prevalent belief that all of us are similar bio-mechanical units that rolled off the same assembly line ― a most imperfect conception of human beings that limits conventional medicine’s effectiveness. The doctor of the future, however, needs to practice medicine in fundamentally different ways. One of the most important shifts will be an increased recognition of ____________________, a concept now largely ignored. Instead of treating different patients that display similar symptoms with the same drugs, doctors should identify root causes of disease to come up with a personalized treatment.

For the most part, we like things that are familiar to us. To prove the point to yourself, try a little experiment. Get the negative of an old photograph that shows a front view of your face and have it developed into a pair of pictures ― one that shows you as you actually look and one that shows a reverse image so that the right and left sides of your face are interchanged. Now decide which version of your face you like better and ask a good friend to make the choice, too. If you are like most people, you should notice something odd: Your friend will prefer the true print, but you will prefer the reverse image. Why? Because you both will be responding favorably to the more familiar face ― your friend to ____________________ and you to the reversed one you find in the mirror every day.

* negative: [사진] 원판

The human auditory system ____________________. A psychologist named Richard Warren demonstrated this particularly well. He recorded a sentence and cut out a piece of the sentence from the recording tape. He replaced the missing piece with a burst of static of the same duration. Nearly everyone who heard the altered recording could report that they heard both a sentence and static. But a majority of people could not tell where the static was! The auditory system had filled in the missing speech information, so that the sentence seemed uninterrupted. Most people reported that there was static and that it existed apart from the spoken sentence. The static and the sentence formed separate perceptual streams due to differences in the quality of sound that caused them to group separately.

* static: 잡음(雜音)

Not all authors trusted that the theater audience would automatically understand their plays in the intended manner. Thus, they repeatedly attempted to make it clear to their public that visiting the theater was not merely for the purpose of entertainment, but rather to draw lessons from the play offered onstage. It was, therefore, important for the viewer ____________________ so as to facilitate interpretation of the content. This idea was developed by Bertolt Brecht with his ‘epic theater,’ which used alienation as a strategy to prevent the identification of the public with the figures of the drama. Through scattered narration and commentary throughout the play, for example, the viewers are invited to take a step back from the performance. In this way, they are given hints to better understand the play while the conclusion is left open so as to leave them to draw their own conclusions.

After dinner he built a fire, going out into the weather for wood he had piled against the garage. The air was bright and cold against his face, and the snow in the driveway was already halfway to his knees. He gathered logs, shaking off their soft white caps and carrying them inside. He sat for a time in front of the fireplace, cross-legged, adding logs, and gazing at the warm fire. Outside, snow continued to fall quietly in the cones of light cast by the streetlights. By the time he rose and looked out the window, his car had become a soft white hill on the edge of the street.

Figures A and B demonstrate how dew point is measured by a dew point hygrometer. In Figure A, light is transmitted from a laser and ① reflected off the mirror onto a receiver that measures the intensity of the observed light. When the mirror temperature is above dew point and the intensity of the transmitted light is 10 mW/cm2, the intensity of the observed light is ② the same. In Figure B, when the mirror temperature is at dew point, dew drops cover the ③ surface of the mirror. When the transmitted light hits the dew drops, it becomes ④ scattered. As a consequence, compared to the intensity of the transmitted light, that of the observed light measured by the receiver is ⑤ increased.

* hygrometer: 습도계 ** mW/cm2: 빛의 세기 단위

Responses to survey questions are influenced by events, and we should consider this when reviewing the results of a survey. The reputation of an airline, for example, will be (A) damaged / recovered if a survey is conducted just after a plane crash. A computer company lost its reputation in company surveys just after major news coverage about a defect in its products. On the positive side, surveys by a beverage company about its image showed very (B) hostile / favorable public attitudes just after its massive investment in the Olympics. Consequently, surveys should be conducted when the organization is not in the news or connected to a significant event that may influence public opinion. In neutral context, a more (C) valid / biased survey can be conducted about an organization’s reputation, products, or services.

War seems to be part of the history of humanity. Countries, regions, and even villages were economically independent of one another in the past. Under those circumstances, the destruction of our enemy might have been a victory for us. There was a relevance to violence and war. (A) __________, today we are so interdependent that the concept of war has become outdated. When we face problems or disagreements today, we have to arrive at solutions through dialog. We must work to resolve conflicts in a spirit of reconciliation and always keep in mind the interests of others. We cannot destroy our neighbors! We cannot ignore their interests! Doing so would ultimately cause us to suffer. (B) __________, the concept of violence is now unsuitable, and nonviolence is the appropriate method.

Imagine that you are in a meeting. Your party and the other party are sitting across a table. You ask a question on a particular subject and the answer is unsatisfactory. What would be the best response? It is none at all. So if you are seeking more information or a different kind of information, ask for it by remaining silent. When there is a long pause in the conversation, people feel an overwhelming need to fill it. If someone has finished speaking and you do not play along by taking up your end of the dialog, that person will automatically start to elaborate. Eventually, they may say what you want to hear.

A forest fire in Brazil affects the weather in Moscow by creating huge dust clouds that eventually float over Russia. Every element in an ecosystem depends on every other element, even the so-called nonliving elements such as minerals, oxygen, and sunlight. Yes, light is an integral element of all life. The sun is food for many of earth’s life forms. Physicists speak of photons of light as being interchangeable. When the light from an object hits a person, only some of it bounces off. Most of the photons are absorbed into the person. Its energy becomes that person’s energy. This is how incredible interdependence is ― everything is constantly becoming everything else.

* photon: 광자(光子)

The graph above shows the growth rate of total output in the U.S. from 1960 to 1999. The growth rate of total output is equal to the growth rate in the number of hours worked plus the growth rate of labor productivity. ① The 1960-1969 period displayed the highest growth rate of total output of all the periods in the graph. ② The growth rate of total output declined from the 1960-1969 period to the 1980-1989 period. ③ The only period where the growth rate in the number of hours worked exceeded the labor productivity growth rate was the 1980-1989 period. ④ The 1990-1994 period showed an increase in the growth rate of total output from the 1980-1989 period. ⑤ The 1995-1999 period displayed the second highest growth rate of total output and the greatest labor productivity growth rate of all the time periods.

Like its largemouth cousin, the smallmouth bass is a native of the Mississippi drainage, which makes it a true heartland fish. Whereas the largemouth likes slow or still water with lots of food-holding weeds, the smallmouth prefers clean, rocky bottoms and swifter water, ideally in the range of 65° to 68°F. In waters warmer than 73°F, you can forget about finding one. In lakes, smallmouth often school up, which means that if you catch one, you can catch a bunch. In rivers and streams, they are more solitary. The smallmouth has a series of dark vertical bands along its sides. The dorsal fin is one continuous fin (as opposed to the separated dorsal fin of the largemouth).

* dorsal fin: 등지느러미

Starting in the 1960s, people began flooding into Chattanooga, a former factory town, to explore its caves, rivers, and cliffs. Before long more than 3,800 caves surrounding the city had been discovered. The nearby Ocoee was among the most paddled rivers in the country and six major climbing sites sprang up within an hour’s drive of city limits. But in spite of this boundless outdoors potential, there remained the problem of Chattanooga proper, a post-industrial wasteland that made the city the kind of place you would visit but would never want to live in. Not, that is, until lately. Over the past decade, Chattanooga has made an incredible urban comeback: electric buses, organic markets, and a 120-million-dollar riverfront restoration project completed last year. In addition, beautiful modern architecture such as the post-modern museum and the newly remodeled aquarium plays a big role in the comeback of Chattanooga.

In practical situations where there is no room for error, we have learned to avoid vagueness in communication. A fire chief, for example, needs to issue his orders with absolute clarity. In imaginative situations, however, there is the danger that too much specificity can limit your imagination. Let’s suppose that the same fire chief has asked you to paint a picture on the side of his firehouse. If he tells you what he wants it to look like right down to the last detail, he has not given you any room for your imagination. However, if the assignment were stated somewhat vaguely, then you would have more room to think and be more creative.

Although a speech can be effective, all the words in the world cannot measure up to the example of a leader, especially in communicating new behaviors and values. There is often no more effective way to help people understand the message than to have it modeled for them by the manager. Words can yield a variety of interpretations in terms of the kind of behaviors people think they mean. But a manager’s actions provide a clear model of exactly the kind of behavior required. Managers who want people to take a more team-based approach with their people, for example, will almost certainly get better results by taking a more team-based approach themselves rather than just by making a speech on teamwork.

Now, as always, cities are desperate to create the impression that they lie at the center of something or other. ( ① ) This idea of centrality may be locational, namely that a city lies at the geographical center of England, Europe, and so on. ( ② ) This draws on a well-established notion that geographical centrality makes a place more accessible, easing communication and communication costs. ( ③ ) Cultural centrality usually demonstrates itself as a cry that a city is at the center of the action. ( ④ ) This means that the city has an abundance of cultural activities, such as restaurants, theater, ballet, music, sport, and scenery. ( ⑤ ) The suggestion is that people will want for nothing in this city.

Young children rarely think of their art as personal property. Often they throw it away or give it away. This suggests that much of the value of art for a child consists in making it. Interestingly, art in tribal societies is frequently abandoned after it has served its purpose. The focus is on the magical, expressive, and social value of the act of making. Some contemporary artists share this feeling, but they are also caught up in the system of art exhibition, the selling of their art, and the requirements of an art market. This results in a tension in the art world that is largely unresolved ― the tension between art as a satisfying mode of expression and art as a precious collectible object, between the experience of making and the experience of owning.

The age of 3½ is not without its charm. One of the more amusing aspects of this age is the child’s often vivid imagination, expressed most strikingly in his enjoyment of imaginary companions. Though some people have felt that only the lonely play with imaginary playmates, our research makes it very evident that it is often the highly superior and imaginative child who invents these creatures. They are very real to him, very important, and, we can assure you, quite harmless. Even though it may be annoying to have to lay a place at dinner or keep an extra seat in the family automobile for his ‘friend’ who exists only in your child’s imagination, it is probably well worthwhile.

Rosalyn’s parents did everything possible to avoid favoring one child over the others, and this resulted in her feelings being hurt. One year Rosalyn asked her mother to prepare a special treat for her birthday: the honey cake that Rosalyn had always loved.

* batter: 반죽

How can you create closeness when the two of you are hundreds of miles apart? How can you make the person you are talking to on the phone feel special when you cannot pat their back or give them a little hug? The answer is simple. Just use your caller’s name far more often than you would in person. In fact, shower your conversations with his or her name. Saying a person’s name too often in face-to-face conversation sounds manipulative. However, on the phone the effect is dramatically different. If you heard someone say your name, even if you were being pushed around in a big noisy crowd, you would pay attention and listen.

Many years ago, psychologists performed an experiment in which they put a number of people in a room, alone except for a ring toss set. It was one of those children’s toys with a short wooden post held upright on the floor and a bunch of round rings. The subjects were left alone to amuse themselves as best they could. As expected, with time to kill, they began trying to toss the rings around the post. What the psychologists discovered was that most of the people moved far enough away from the post so that tossing the rings around it was challenging but not so difficult as to be totally frustrating. In other words, they deliberately positioned themselves between frustration on the one hand and boredom on the other. The process of alternately producing and relieving tension was what made the activity stimulating.

(A)

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(A)

A friend of mine and his wife were in Hawaii, standing on a beach, watching a beautiful sunset ― hardly able to believe how magnificent the sight was. A woman approached them and overheard my friend’s wife say, “I can’t believe how beautiful this is.” While walking away from the spectacular display, the woman said, “You should have seen it in Tahiti.”

When your attention is not on the present moment but on something else, you will tend to ____________________, as the Tahiti traveler did, or you will wonder about future experiences instead of enjoying the present one, and regret past experiences because they are already over. But as you learn to bring your attention back to the here and now, life will come alive again, providing the enjoyment and satisfaction it was meant to. Thus, when you live in the present moment, one of the nice things that happens to you is that ordinary, everyday life takes on a new significance. Taking walks, watching a sunset, gardening, reading a book, all begin to feel special. When your attention is brought back to the here and now, you engage in life rather than think about life.

A friend of mine and his wife were in Hawaii, standing on a beach, watching a beautiful sunset ― hardly able to believe how magnificent the sight was. A woman approached them and overheard my friend’s wife say, “I can’t believe how beautiful this is.” While walking away from the spectacular display, the woman said, “You should have seen it in Tahiti.”

When your attention is not on the present moment but on something else, you will tend to ____________________, as the Tahiti traveler did, or you will wonder about future experiences instead of enjoying the present one, and regret past experiences because they are already over. But as you learn to bring your attention back to the here and now, life will come alive again, providing the enjoyment and satisfaction it was meant to. Thus, when you live in the present moment, one of the nice things that happens to you is that ordinary, everyday life takes on a new significance. Taking walks, watching a sunset, gardening, reading a book, all begin to feel special. When your attention is brought back to the here and now, you engage in life rather than think about life.