Woman:

Man:

Sophia:

Dear Rosydale City Marathon Racers,

We are really grateful to all of you who have signed up for the 10th Rosydale City Marathon that was scheduled for this coming Saturday at 10 a.m. Unfortunately, as you may already know, the weather forecast says that there is going to be a downpour throughout the race day. We truly hoped that the race would go smoothly. However, it is likely that the heavy rain will make the roads too slippery and dangerous for the racers to run safely. As a result, we have decided to cancel the race. We hope you understand and we promise to hold another race in the near future.

Sincerely,

Martha Kingsley Race Manager

It was Valentine’s Day on Friday and Peter was certain that his wife, Amy, was going to love his surprise. Peter had spent a long time searching online for an event that would be a new way to spend time with Amy. He had finally found the perfect thing for her. She often told him that she liked to go to places she had never visited before, and he was absolutely sure that she would love going to the new, five-star restaurant downtown. He smiled as he called the restaurant and asked for a reservation for Friday. Unfortunately, his smile quickly disappeared when he was told that the restaurant was fully reserved. “That’s too bad,” he said quietly. “I thought that I had found the right place.”

We almost universally accept that playing video games is at best a pleasant break from a student’s learning and more often what prevents a student from accomplishing their goals. Games catch and hold attention in a way that few things can. And yet once they have our focus, they rarely seem to offer anything meaningful to help students grow in their lives outside the games. While this may be true for many games, we are too easily ignoring a valuable tool that could be used to enhance productivity instead of derailing it. Rather, it is desirable that we develop games that connect to the learning outcomes we want for our students. This will enable educators to take advantage of games’ attention commanding capacities and allow our students to enjoy their games while learning.

The position of the architect rose during the Roman Empire, as architecture symbolically became a particularly important political statement. Cicero classed the architect with the physician and the teacher and Vitruvius spoke of “so great a profession as this.” Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a practicing architect during the rule of Augustus Caesar, recognized that architecture requires both practical and theoretical knowledge, and he listed the disciplines he felt the aspiring architect should master: literature and writing, draftsmanship, mathematics, history, philosophy, music, medicine, law, and astronomy ― a curriculum that still has much to recommend it. All of this study was necessary, he argued, because architects who have aimed at acquiring manual skill without scholarship have never been able to reach a position of authority to correspond to their plans, while those who have relied only upon theories and scholarship were obviously “hunting the shadow, not the substance.”

The ability to understand emotions ― to have a diverse emotion vocabulary and to understand the causes and consequences of emotion ― is particularly relevant in group settings. Individuals who are skilled in this domain are able to express emotions, feelings and moods accurately and thus, may facilitate clear communication between co-workers. Furthermore, they may be more likely to act in ways that accommodate their own needs as well as the needs of others (i.e. cooperate). In a group conflict situation, for example, a member with a strong ability to understand emotion will be able to express how he feels about the problem and why he feels this way. He also should be able to take the perspective of the other group members and understand why they are reacting in a certain manner. Appreciation of differences creates an arena for open communication and promotes constructive conflict resolution and improved group functioning.

The arrival of the Industrial Age changed the relationship among time, labor, and capital. Factories could produce around the clock, and they could do so with greater speed and volume than ever before. A machine that runs twelve hours a day will produce more widgets than one that runs for only eight hours per day ― and a machine that runs twenty-four hours per day will produce the most widgets of all. As such, at many factories, the workday is divided into eight-hour shifts, so that there will always be people on hand to keep the widget machines humming. Industrialization raised the potential value of every single work hour ― the more hours you worked, the more widgets you produced, and the more money you made ― and thus wages became tied to effort and production. Labor, previously guided by harvest cycles, became clock-oriented, and society started to reorganize around new principles of productivity.

* widget: 제품

The selfie resonates not because it is new, but because it expresses, develops, expands, and intensifies the long history of the self-portrait. The self-portrait showed to others the status of the person depicted. In this sense, what we have come to call our own “image” ― the interface of the way we think we look and the way others see us ― is the first and fundamental object of global visual culture. The selfie depicts the drama of our own daily performance of ourselves in tension with our inner emotions that may or may not be expressed as we wish. At each stage of the self-portrait’s expansion, more and more people have been able to depict themselves. Today’s young, urban, networked majority has reworked the history of the self-portrait to make the selfie into the first visual signature of the new era.

* resonate: 공명(共鳴)하다 ** depict: 그리다

The graph above shows the percentages of women employed behind the scenes on the top 100 U.S. films by role in 2020, 2021, and 2022. ① For each of the three years, the percentage of women employed as producers on the top 100 U.S. films was the highest as compared with the percentages of each of the other three roles. ② The percentage of women employed as directors on the top 100 U.S. films in 2021 was lower than in 2020 but higher than in 2022. ③ The percentage of women employed as writers on the top 100 U.S. films increased by 4 percentage points from 2020 to 2021 and by 1 percentage point from 2021 to 2022. ④ The percentage of women employed as editors on the top 100 U.S. films was less than 20% in each of the three years. ⑤ In 2022, the percentage of women employed as producers on the top 100 U.S. films was the same as that in 2020.

Dick Enberg was one of America’s most beloved sports broadcasters. He was born in Michigan in 1935. In the early 1960s, he became an assistant professor at San Fernando Valley State College, where he also served as a coach of its baseball team. Afterwards, he began a full-time sportscasting career in Los Angeles. In 1973, he became the first U.S. sportscaster ever to visit China. He joined NBC Sports in 1975 and remained with the network for about 25 years, covering such big events as the Olympics. He later worked for other major sports broadcasting stations. He made his last live broadcast in 2016 and died the following year at the age of 82. He served as Chairman of the American Sportscaster Association for more than three decades. Enberg was also a best-selling writer and won Emmy Awards as a sportscaster, a writer, and a producer.

Think of yourself. When you decide to get up and get a drink of water, for example, you don’t consciously organize or consider the host of steps involved. Imagine if we ① had to consider every single muscle that needed to be contracted or relaxed just to stand up and walk. It would be tiresome and very slow ― as patients recovering from a brain injury affecting the motor system ② knows. The autopilot parts of our brain do it for us automatically, ③ freeing up our conscious mind for more important jobs. It is the older parts of our brain ④ that support these automatic processes that allow us to move, hear, see, and use many of our social skills. More recently evolved abilities like talking, reading, and writing are far less automated. So, most of the time, ⑤ what you are perceiving, feeling, or thinking is based on a very crude and fast analysis that happens completely without your awareness.

* crude: 투박한

Studies in psychology have reported cases in which competitive incentives resulted in lower task effort, and their focus was on the psychological underpinnings of the reduction in motivation. For example, competition presents an inevitable conflict between the motivation to achieve one’s personal goal and the ① desire to maintain good relationships with others. When the maintenance of interpersonal relationships is important, with their counterparts in particular or with others generally, competitors experience an ② internal conflict that can harm their desire to achieve their goal and taint the good feeling brought about by winning. Exline and Lobel found that the perception of oneself as a target for upward social comparison often makes people ③ uncomfortable. When they believe that others are making envious comparisons with them, people feel uneasiness, distress, or sorrow. Feelings of guilt, an emotion generally associated with high motivation for goal-achievement, lead to ④ stronger motivation and performance in the pursuit of competitive goals. Consequences of this emotional state include lower task motivation in a competition and preferences for more cooperative and altruistic outcomes, such as ⑤ diminishing the significance of the outcome or sharing the winner’s reward.

* taint: 더럽히다 ** altruistic: 이타주의의

Literature can be helpful in the language learning process because of the ____________________ it fosters in readers. Core language teaching materials must concentrate on how a language operates both as a rule-based system and as a sociosemantic system. Very often, the process of learning is essentially analytic, piecemeal, and, at the level of the personality, fairly superficial. Engaging imaginatively with literature enables learners to shift the focus of their attention beyond the more mechanical aspects of the foreign language system. When a novel, play or short story is explored over a period of time, the result is that the reader begins to ‘inhabit’ the text. He or she is drawn into the book. Pinpointing what individual words or phrases may mean becomes less important than pursuing the development of the story. The reader is eager to find out what happens as events unfold; he or she feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional responses. The language becomes ‘transparent’ ― the fiction draws the whole person into its own world.

* sociosemantic: 사회의미론적인 ** transparent: 투명한

Education, at its best, teaches more than just knowledge. It teaches critical thinking: the ability to stop and think before acting, to avoid succumbing to emotional pressures. This is not thought control. It is the very reverse: mental liberation. Even the most advanced intellectual will be imperfect at this skill. But even imperfect possession of it ____________________ of being ‘stimulus-driven’, constantly reacting to the immediate environment, the brightest colours or loudest sounds. Being driven by heuristic responses, living by instinct and emotion all the time, is a very easy way to live, in many ways: thought is effortful, especially for the inexperienced. But emotions are also exhausting, and short-term reactions may not, in the long term, be the most beneficial for health and survival. Just as we reach for burgers for the sake of convenience, storing up the arterial fat which may one day kill us, so our reliance on feelings can do us great harm.

* succumb: 굴복하다 ** arterial: 동맥의

We are famously living in the era of the attention economy, where the largest and most profitable businesses in the world are those that consume my attention. The advertising industry is literally dedicated to capturing the conscious hours of my life and selling them to someone else. It might seem magical that so many exciting and useful software systems are available to use for free, but it is now conventional wisdom that if you can’t see who is paying for something that appears to be free, then ____________________. Our creative engagement with other people is mediated by AI-based recommendation systems that are designed to trap our attention through the process that Nick Seaver calls captology, keeping us attending to work sold by one company rather than another, replacing the freedom of personal exploration with algorithm-generated playlists or even algorithm-generated art.

Centralized, formal rules can ____________________. The rules of baseball don’t just regulate the behavior of the players; they determine the behavior that constitutes playing the game. Rules do not prevent people from playing baseball; they create the very practice that allows people to play baseball. A score of music imposes rules, but it also creates a pattern of conduct that enables people to produce music. Legal rules that enable the formation of corporations, that enable the use of wills and trusts, that create negotiable instruments, and that establish the practice of contracting all make practices that create new opportunities for individuals. And we have legal rules that establish roles individuals play within the legal system, such as judges, trustees, partners, and guardians. True, the legal rules that establish these roles constrain the behavior of individuals who occupy them, but rules also create the roles themselves. Without them an individual would not have the opportunity to occupy the role.

* constrain: 속박하다

The expansion of sports tourism in the twentieth century has been influenced by further developments in transportation. Just as the railways revolutionized travel in the nineteenth century, so the automobile produced even more dramatic changes in the twentieth. ① The significance of the car in the development of sport and tourism generally has attracted considerable coverage and it has had no less an impact on sports tourism specifically. ② Although originally invented towards the end of the nineteenth century, it started to become a mass form of transport in the 1920s in the USA and rather later in Britain. ③ Apart from its convenience and flexibility, the car has the additional advantages of affording access to many areas not served by public transport, as well as allowing the easy transport of luggage and equipment. ④ The expansion of reasonably priced, good quality accommodation associated with tourism growth has also facilitated the growth of locally based restaurants. ⑤ As a result, it was invaluable for the development of many forms of sports tourism but especially those which require the transportation of people and equipment to relatively remote locations.

The potential for market enforcement is greater when contracting parties have developed reputational capital that can be devalued when contracts are violated.

(A)

(B)

(C)
* ditch: 개천 ** irrigation: 물을 댐

Watch the birds in your backyard. If one bird startles and flies off, others will follow, not waiting around to assess whether the threat is real. They have been infected by emotional contagion.

(A)

(B)

(C)
* grosbeak: 콩새류(類) ** array: 정렬

Trade secret law aims to promote innovation, although it accomplishes this objective in a very different manner than patent protection. ( ① ) Notwithstanding the advantages of obtaining a patent, many innovators prefer to protect their innovation through secrecy. ( ② ) They may believe that the cost and delay of seeking a patent are too great or that secrecy better protects their investment and increases their profit. ( ③ ) They might also believe that the invention can best be utilized over a longer period of time than a patent would allow. ( ④ ) Once the idea is released, it will be “free as the air” under the background norms of a free market economy. ( ⑤ ) Such a predicament would lead any inventor seeking to rely upon secrecy to spend an inordinate amount of resources building high and impassable fences around their research facilities and greatly limiting the number of people with access to the proprietary information.

* patent: 특허 ** predicament: 곤경

By their very nature, the concepts of maintenance and repair are predominantly examined from a process-oriented perspective. ( ① ) The focus in related scholarly discourse often revolves around the lifespan or lifecycle of objects and technologies. ( ② ) In this context, maintenance and repair are considered practices that have the potential to prolong the existence of objects, ensuring their sustained utilization over an extended period. ( ③ ) Krebs and Weber critically engage with anthropomorphic metaphors that imply a biography of things, appropriately highlighting that conventional understanding of the lifecycle of a technology, from its acquisition to its disposal from the household, provides an incomplete definition. ( ④ ) Additionally, objects may enter recycling or second-hand cycles, leading to a dynamic afterlife marked by diverse applications. ( ⑤ ) As such, the life of an object exhibits a far more complicated and adaptive path than a simplistic linear progression.

* relegate: 추방하다 ** anthropomorphic: 의인화된

People often assume that synthetic food ingredients are more harmful than natural ones, but this is not always the case. Typically, synthetic ingredients can be made in a precisely controlled fashion and have well-defined compositions and properties, allowing careful evaluation of their potential toxicity. On the other hand, natural ingredients often vary appreciably in their composition and properties depending on their origin, the time of year they were harvested, the climate they experienced throughout their lifetime, the soil quality, and how they were isolated and stored. These variations can make testing their safety extremely difficult ― one is never sure about the potential toxicity of minor components that may vary from time to time. In some cases, a natural food component has been consumed for hundreds or thousands of years without causing any obvious health problems and can, therefore, be assumed to be safe. However, one must still be very careful.

* synthetic: 합성의

Imagine grabbing a piece of paper between your thumb and index finger. Maybe you already are, as you turn this page. We use this type of forceful, pad-to-pad precision gripping without thinking about it, and literally in a snap. Yet it was a breakthrough in human evolution. Other primates exhibit some kinds of precision grips in the handling and use of objects, but not with the kind of (a) efficient opposition that our hand anatomy allows. In a single hand, humans can easily hold and manipulate objects, even small and delicate ones, while adjusting our fingers to their shape and reorienting them with (b) displacements of our fingertip pads. Our relatively long, powerful thumb and other anatomical attributes, including our flat nails (which nearly all primates possess), make this (c) possible. Just picture trying ― and failing ― to dog-ear this page with pointy, curved claws.

With a unique combination of traits, the human hand shaped our history. No question, stone tools couldn’t have become a keystone of human technology and subsistence (d) without hands that could do the job, along with a nervous system that could regulate and coordinate the necessary signals. Anybody who’s ever attempted to make a spear tip or arrowhead from a rock knows that it (e) excludes strong grips, constant rotation and repositioning, and forceful, careful strikes with another hard object. And even with a fair amount of know-how, it can be a bloody business.

* primate: 영장류 ** anatomy: 해부학 *** subsistence: 생계

Imagine grabbing a piece of paper between your thumb and index finger. Maybe you already are, as you turn this page. We use this type of forceful, pad-to-pad precision gripping without thinking about it, and literally in a snap. Yet it was a breakthrough in human evolution. Other primates exhibit some kinds of precision grips in the handling and use of objects, but not with the kind of (a) efficient opposition that our hand anatomy allows. In a single hand, humans can easily hold and manipulate objects, even small and delicate ones, while adjusting our fingers to their shape and reorienting them with (b) displacements of our fingertip pads. Our relatively long, powerful thumb and other anatomical attributes, including our flat nails (which nearly all primates possess), make this (c) possible. Just picture trying ― and failing ― to dog-ear this page with pointy, curved claws.

With a unique combination of traits, the human hand shaped our history. No question, stone tools couldn’t have become a keystone of human technology and subsistence (d) without hands that could do the job, along with a nervous system that could regulate and coordinate the necessary signals. Anybody who’s ever attempted to make a spear tip or arrowhead from a rock knows that it (e) excludes strong grips, constant rotation and repositioning, and forceful, careful strikes with another hard object. And even with a fair amount of know-how, it can be a bloody business.

* primate: 영장류 ** anatomy: 해부학 *** subsistence: 생계

A

B
C
D

A

B
C
D

A

B
C
D