Man:

Woman:

Roger:

Dear Valued Members,
We have exciting news here at Royal Ocean Cruises! To thank you for your loyalty, we are thrilled to offer you an exclusive promotion! Make a reservation for any cruise departing within the next six months and enjoy a 15% discount. Additionally, we are offering a free specialty dining package and a $20 coupon to use at the onboard gift shop. To take advantage of this offer, simply go to our website and enter the promotion code ‘ROC25’. We look forward to welcoming you back aboard for another unforgettable journey. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. Sincerely,
Cindy Robins
Customer Relations Manager

The whole morning had been chaotic. Sophie’s day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush. After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines. Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour. Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people. Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been “delayed.” Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease. With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.

Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built. However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms. As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly. Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents. As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy. It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups. Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied. Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there. They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them. Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people. Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.
* anthropologist: 인류학자 ** ethnographer: 민족지학자

Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose ‘it could have conceived of acting otherwise’ ― we’re unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child. Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos. It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are. While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful. They are learnt, not given at birth. It’s possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.
* sentient: 지각력이 있는 ** volition: 의지

It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night. Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them. But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go. For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular. As such, it was thus necessary to ask “Why do things fall?” and to have Newton’s response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.
* eclipse: 일식, 월식 ** celestial: 천체의 *** bizarre: 이상한

There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times. Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change. Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation. The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing. It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it’s a myth. Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats. Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm. The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.
* rigid: 굳은 ** pillar: 기둥

The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022. ① For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR. ② The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea. ③ The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada. ④ In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%. ⑤ The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.
* augmented reality: 증강 현실

György Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.

Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution. England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people ① employed in industry than in agriculture. Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not ② evenly distributed. Many enterprising individuals (the ‘self-made men’) rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class ③ were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions. The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and ④ inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley’s Alton Locke, Gaskell’s Mary Barton, and Dickens’s Hard Times. In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery ⑤ whose result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.

We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments. We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make ① informed decisions. We are, in fact, “predictably irrational,” as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic. All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the ② easier path and conserving mental effort. Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all. In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with ③ acceptance of accurate scientific explanations. Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each ④ less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others’ thinking. Learning to understand the built-in ⑤ rationality of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.
* intuitive: 직관적인 ** fallacious: 오류가 있는

There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light. The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are __________ by them. The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern. A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light. Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center. The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined “portal,” bringing them closer to the source. As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal. Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights. Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.
* moth: 나방 ** consensus: 합의 *** diffuse: 널리 퍼진

One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return. There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that ____________________________________________. Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability. Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent. A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access. Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them. There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.
* fibre-optic: 광섬유의

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space. Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city. Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality. In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous. And it’s not due to necessity but rather that _________________________________________. It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay. In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.
* pedestrian: 보행자 ** conspicuous: 눈에 띄는

That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human. Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people. Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy. Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life. But his writings document with extraordinary clarity _____________________________________. “Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us.” And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitié, which translates as “pity” but is much closer to “sympathy” as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.
* yearn: 갈망하다 ** rubric: 항목

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and ‘selling from stock’. Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection. ① Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop. ② As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas. ③ They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price. ④ The main advantage of buying from a dealer is getting personalised service on your purchases. ⑤ In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with ‘want-lists’ of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors’ chances of expanding their collections.

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn’t make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information.

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* compatible: 양립하는

The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.

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* pre-emptive: 선제의 ** ward off: 막다

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. ( ① ) Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. ( ② ) Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. ( ③ ) Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. ( ④ ) To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. ( ⑤ ) Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.
* entity: 실재물(物)

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene. ( ① ) Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition. ( ② ) Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions. ( ③ ) This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term. ( ④ ) To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes. ( ⑤ ) Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.
* adverse: 해로운 ** magnitude: 크기

Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways. One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication. This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted. If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too. After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed. Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages. In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds. These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words. Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the (a) strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound “poetic.” But those who regard poetry as a (b) different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become (c) sensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a (d) fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can (e) follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
* assonance: 유운(類韻) ** alliteration: 두운(頭韻) *** depict: 묘사하다

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the (a) strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound “poetic.” But those who regard poetry as a (b) different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become (c) sensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a (d) fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can (e) follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
* assonance: 유운(類韻) ** alliteration: 두운(頭韻) *** depict: 묘사하다

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