Man:

Woman:

Susan:

Dear Ben Harper,
My name is Reese Johnson, and I work for the Tuscanyville Homerun Derby. We recently saw a video of your baseball team and were especially impressed by your power hitting. Every year, we gather together all of the best baseball hitters from Tuscanyville for a homerun competition. It is a very popular event in our community, and we would like to ask you to join the competition this year. You would be an excellent participant, and we know you would enjoy the experience. Based on the popularity you gained from the video, we have no doubt the crowds here will love you. We are looking forward to your positive response.
Sincerely,
Reese Johnson

Mark’s friends had invited him to Sky National Park to ride the Cloud Monorail, which went to the top of the mountain. Mark didn’t feel like going, but he went because he had nothing better to do. He checked his watch as the monorail departed and then blankly looked out the window. Clouds surrounded the monorail, so all he saw was grey for what felt like forever. Just as he started feeling sleepy, the monorail rose above the clouds. He opened his mouth as he saw the most beautiful mountains spreading out before him all the way to the ocean. He couldn’t believe how marvelous nature could be and wondered what he would have missed if he hadn’t come.

Instructors of physical activities often focus more on the activities themselves than on the participants who perform them. People may believe that training our bodies is unrelated to training our minds. However, participants’ minds determine their attitudes and level of effort toward physical development. In usual practice, instructors may just tell their participants to exercise regularly, warm up before exercising, or use a particular strategy. However, it is not sufficient for instructors to expect participants to blindly follow their directions in physical activities. Instructors must raise participants’ awareness of how these activities enhance their physical performance. For example, an instructor could explicitly explain how warming up before exercising improves their performances. If participants understand the principles of these activities, it enables them to gradually take fuller ownership of their own development.

In fact, scientists attributing consciousness to any animal is so recent that the internet is older. In 1976 a zoologist named Donald Griffin published The Question of Animal Awareness, a book arguing that animal cognition ought to be taken seriously. He and a colleague had been responsible in 1944 for discovering that bats navigate by echolocation. Now, after a lifetime spent watching those creatures, he became convinced they had inner worlds. They had flexible behavior, he said, or the ability to change their behavior as external circumstances changed, a hallmark of true intelligence. He’d watched bats develop clever techniques for finding food; they could clearly make decisions on the fly, and exhibited many of the same problem-solving abilities as humans did. Animal thought and reason ought to be seriously studied, he argued. After all, despite the flourishing of neuroscience, no one had yet found any part of the brain unique to humans that might be responsible for this hallowed “consciousness.” Wasn’t it time to give up the ghost?
* hallow: 신성하게 하다

Car manufacturers know people form emotional attachments to automobile ‘faces’ and use the fact to guide their design and marketing efforts. “In today’s hyper-competitive car market, designers are focusing on faces as part of a broader effort to design cars that appeal to buyers ― tapping psychologists, anthropologists and other experts in human behavior, and even monitoring the brain waves of focus-group participants,” the Wall Street Journal reported in a 2006 article entitled ‘Why Cars Got Angry.’ Automotive research shows “70% of drivers identify and judge vehicles by the headlights and grille,” the article reported. In the first years of the twenty-first century, the trend was toward angrier, scarier vehicles’ faces. The article hypothesized that these faces help drivers feel safer in heavier traffic amidst more oversize SUVs. Reflecting our tumultuous times, the ‘scary look’ shows no sign of slowing in the new millennium. “Buoyant sales of cars with styling which suggests power or bad temper seem to confirm that customers are happy with this look,” an international automotive site reported in 2017.
* tumultuous: 떠들썩한 ** buoyant: 부력이 있는

A telescoping of time correlates with size. Small animals’ reflexes must be quicker in order to control much smaller limbs and respond to rapid locomotor feedback. Further, decision making must be streamlined in small species because their high metabolic rates and minimal energy reserves offer few choices in food-searching activities, defending against predators, or mating behaviors. And, perhaps most important, a short lifetime offers little time for learning from experience. As a result, being short-lived puts a premium on the effectiveness of preprogrammed behavior patterns that require little in the way of environmental fine-tuning. Large animals, in comparison, can get by with rather slower reflexes, can afford to vary their mating and food-searching behaviors in an effort to better optimize their behaviors, and may have a considerable opportunity to learn by observation and trial and error. Being longer-lived puts a greater premium on learning and memory, and less on automatic preprogrammed behaviors. In addition, living a long time or having the capacity to travel for long distances is more likely to expose an animal to significant changes in the environment.
* limb: (사람･동물의) 수족 ** locomotor: 운동 기관의 *** metabolic: 신진대사의

Before the 1950s, tourism was very much an industry which was fragmented; hotels, transport operators, travel agents, and tour operators all tended to work independently of each other. Hotels were largely in the business of selling bed nights. Airlines and railways were in the business of selling seats. Travel agents, of course, were selling travel and holidays, but in each case they tended to operate very much as individual businesses. From the mid-1950s onwards, particularly in the UK, the growth of tour operators began to change the nature of the industry from essentially individual business activities to more integrated activities. Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than simply buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centres to try to increase the spend of guests within the hotel complex. Transport operators, particularly in the airline business, saw the sale of transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking for travellers.
* fragment: 파편이 되게 하다

The graph above shows the percentages of weekday trips made by three different types of transportation (walking or cycling, public transport, or cars) in five regions, as reported in a 2024 research article. ① Over 70% of weekday trips were made by cars in North and South America. ② In Europe, walking or cycling was less commonly used for weekday trips than cars. ③ In Asia, the percentage of weekday trips made by public transport was the lowest among the three types of transportation. ④ Of the three types of transportation for weekday trips, walking or cycling was the most common in Africa, while it was the least common in Australia and New Zealand. ⑤ In each of the above regions, the percentage of weekday trips made by public transport was less than 50%.

Paul Grice was a famous philosopher of language whose work was very influential in many areas of linguistics. Born in 1913 in Birmingham, England, he was the son of Herbert Grice, a businessman and musician. As an undergraduate, he earned high honors from Corpus Christi College. After finishing graduate school, he was appointed as a lecturer at Oxford in the field of philosophy. During World War II, however, he served in the British military for about five years. One of his greatest contributions was to the study of language and communication. His article “Meaning” was written in 1948, but he did not have it published until 1957. This article was foundational in the study of language and communication. In 1967, he left Oxford to take a job at UC Berkeley and retired from there in 1979. In addition to being a great scholar, he was excellent at cricket and chess.

Fashion is always deeply cultural, and an excellent example of this can be seen in the evolution of European clothing. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, clothing tended to be simple and was ① frequently made of rough wool or animal furs. With advances in cloth making, however, fashion began moving toward styles ② what were more elaborate and form-fitting. In the Renaissance and Elizabethan eras, styles became even more refined. The clothes that wealthy people were wearing became increasingly fancier, with a particular emphasis being placed on smaller waists. The connection between clothing and social status was so pronounced that laws were enacted ③ to limit the wearing of certain luxury items. ④ Allowed only for higher social classes, luxurious styles and decorations such as feathers, silk, or velvet were used as a means of demonstrating one’s standing in society. This was further reinforced as upperclass styles came to be explicitly incorporated into cultural ceremonies so that ⑤ their wearers’ roles could be identified clearly.

Classical works by playwrights such as Shakespeare or Euripides or even American musical song lyrics contain unconventional and unrealistic methods of communicating characters’ thoughts and feelings, and take a bit more skill and patience to understand. The reader must be mindful not to let the poetic form or archaic word usage get in the way of getting meaningful information about the story, but instead see the form itself as a ① revealing stylistic technique. Scripts with complex language or unfamiliar styles may require several additional readings in order for the nuance to become ② clear. Musical theater pieces are particularly difficult to visualize when reading because of the diminished emphasis on dialogue and a ③ significant emphasis on song and dance. For example, when the music and lyrics are removed from a musical theater script, what is left is the dialogue, known as the book or libretto, and it can be very ④ thick. There is an emphasis on dance, movement, or action in musical theater that can be ⑤ time-consuming when actually performed on stage, but can take very little space when typed into a play script.
* archaic: 고어(古語)체의

Ever since the early Enlightenment, preservation and conservation have been closely related. Taken as near synonyms, their meaning is to maintain an object or system insofar as possible in its present state, to protect it from change, usually for contemplation, research, display, and perhaps for use. Conservationists who distinguish their activities from preservation emphasize conservation’s restorative aspects ― restoring a historical musical instrument, for example, or a painting, or a dinosaur, or an ecosystem. Conservationists acknowledge change but try to manage it in order to prolong a(n) _________ state. Preservationists (who may nonetheless call themselves conservationists) think of themselves more as protectors. They sometimes criticize conservationists for setting an additional priority on yield or harvest or use, rather than interfering as minimally as possible in order to preserve the original object or system, as they would do. Preservationists would, for example, prefer to keep a historical musical instrument “as found” in a deteriorated state, for study, rather than to restore or repair it for display or use.
* contemplation: 주시(注視) ** deteriorate: 나쁘게 하다

Speakers don’t always put everything that’s important to them into words. Very often you can understand a speaker’s meaning by observing their nonverbal behaviors such as a change in a vocal tone or volume, eye contact, facial expressions and gestures. As it is easy to misinterpret nonverbal behavior, effective listeners verbally confirm their interpretations of someone’s nonverbal communication. A question as simple as “Do your nods indicate a yes vote?” can make sure that everyone is on the same wavelength. If, as nonverbal research indicates, more than half of a speaker’s meaning is conveyed nonverbally, we are missing a lot of important information if we fail to “listen” to nonverbal behavior. Even Freud suggested that “he that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore.” No wonder it is difficult for most people to ___________________________________ in a face-to-face group discussion.
* mortal: 인간 ** ooze: 스며 나오다 *** pore: 모공

Imagination continues to function when perception is not actively discerning objects, in cases of emotion, disease, and sleep. Emotions dispose one to see the world in a distorted way. A coward’s perceptual disposition is affected by his disposition to experience fear. A lover’s expectations are affected by desire. In such cases, a small similarity between a perceived object and the thing one expects to see can lead to the misidentification of the perceived object as that thing. The coward sees the enemy, while the lover sees the object of desire everywhere. The more affected one is, _________________________________________________. While the central organ of sense normally functions by comparing similarities and differences, emotions dispose one to discern objects inaccurately. The greater the emotional investment, the more biased one’s perception.
* discern: 분별하다

The dependent and shifting nature of art values, not only on the market but inherently, is uppermost in the mind of today’s art collector, whether he buys for himself or as the representative of an institution. Acquiring a work is acquiring a piece of art history, or it is acquiring nothing (beyond, that is, an object of personal enjoyment in the same class as a cat or a souvenir). In signing his check the collector asserts his belief in the future presence of the work as a significant point attained by art as a whole. History, however, is open to anything and the merit of the chosen painting or sculpture has―at best―only the validation of a present-day consensus. This consensus is all but certain to be displaced, as others have been in the past. In the last analysis, committing himself to a painting is the collector’s own act. Through it he courageously affirms not only his aesthetic judgment, from whatever source it be derived, but the conviction that ______________________________________.
* consensus: 합의 ** aesthetic: 미학의

The bigger someone is, the more damage they can do to themselves through even a relatively innocuous accident. Despite toddlers falling over and bumping themselves regularly, the injuries they sustain are rarely serious. ① Their relatively thick bones in comparison to their mass mean they rarely build up enough energy, even at top speed, to do themselves much damage. ② Because of their increased mass (compounded by the fact that they are falling from a greater height and that their reactions may be slower), adults falling over will impact the ground with a much larger force. ③ The nonlinear relationship between mass and bone strength means that although their bones are thicker than a toddler’s in absolute terms, they may not be relatively thick enough to compensate for the larger impact caused by their increased mass. ④ The body mass index (BMI) can serve as a convenient way for non-experts to examine their health conditions in daily lives. ⑤ For the same reasons, taller people have been found to suffer more fall-related injuries ― like hip breaks ― than shorter people.
* innocuous: 무해한 ** toddler: 아장아장 걷는 아기

Plants have evolved defenses almost as diverse as the number of genera. Some load their tissues with harsh compounds that either are unpleasant to insects or intoxicate them, encouraging the insects to go bother another plant or at least slowing down their eating.

(A)
(B)
(C)

* genera: genus의 복수, (생물 분류상의) 속(屬) ** resilient: 회복 탄력성이 있는 *** stalemate: 교착 상태

Although there may be elements that trigger instinctive response, spectacle works primarily within a cultural frame and is subject to prevailing modes of perception that observers bring to bear.

(A)
(B)
(C)

* prevailing: 주요한 ** deploy: 전개하다

To minimize building costs and maximize revenues, skyscrapers generally take the shape of squares or rectangles. These are not particularly aerodynamic shapes, and this results in a wind phenomenon called “vortex shedding.” As wind meets a rectangular skyscraper it pushes on the flat face of the building before flowing around its sides, where eventually it separates from the face of the structure. ( ① ) The difference in pressures on the front and back faces of the building gives rise to vortices, or spinning currents of wind, that flow downstream from the building. ( ② ) The vortices pull and push the building in a direction perpendicular to the wind at frequencies that can become dangerously self-sustaining. ( ③ ) Orienting the building so that the longer face of the structure is parallel with prevailing winds can help. ( ④ ) Chopping or rounding off corners of a building can likewise make it more aerodynamic. ( ⑤ ) Roughing up the corners of the building through the careful placement of balconies or stepped corners can help by disturbing or delaying the formation of strong vortices.
* vortex: 회오리바람 ** perpendicular: 직각을 이루는

For thousands of years in the West, red was the only color worthy of that name, the only true color. As much on the historical as hierarchical level, it exceeded all others. ( ① ) Not that they did not exist, but they had to wait a long time before they were considered colors and then played a comparable role in material culture, social codes, and systems of thought. ( ② ) It was with red that humans did their first color experiments, achieved their first successes, and then constructed a chromatic universe. ( ③ ) Here the lexicon seems in keeping with pictorial practices and coloring techniques. ( ④ ) In certain languages, the same word can mean “red” or simply “colored,” depending on the context, such as coloratus in classical Latin or colorado in modern Castilian. ( ⑤ ) In other languages, the words meaning “red” and “beautiful” share a common root; for example, that is the case in Russian, in which the terms krasnyy (red) and krasivy (beautiful) belong to the same lexical family.
* hierarchical: 위계의 ** chromatic: 색채의 *** lexicon: 어휘 목록

In the pharmaceutical industry, algorithms are being employed to find treatments and drugs for rare diseases that to date haven’t received much attention. The hard truth has always been that pharma devotes more research and development resources to diseases that affect the rich. The definition of rare has too often been associated with poor ― that is, even if a disease is quite prevalent in a population that cannot afford to pay for it (for example, people living in the developing world), the disease has been neglected compared to First World illnesses. By lowering the cost of data collection, mining, and analysis in drug development and clinical trials, AI can help offset imbalances in the pharmaceutical industry that direct attention to diseases that “pay,” whether because the disease is more common or because it is prevalent among demographics that can pay more. We see the democratizing power of AI to broaden the attention of the medical and research communities to find cures to traditionally neglected health issues and among traditionally neglected populations.
* offset: 상쇄하다 ** demographic: 인구 집단

The structure of glass is, frankly, a bit of a mess. Clear and perfect as it might appear to our eyes, down at the molecular level, glass looks more like a random ball-pit of atoms. The technical term for this mess depends on who you’re asking: for some scientists it is an “amorphous solid,” for others a “supercooled liquid.” In theory it’s both liquid and solid, though, given the way it behaves, in practice it’s really the latter. In fact, at room temperature glass never behaves as a (a) liquid, even an imperceptibly viscous one, even over long periods of time (though it can “sweat” if you don’t add enough lime to the mix). Those (b) misshapen sheets of glass you sometimes see in old stained-glass windows, thicker at the bottom than the top, are generally not that way because the glass is slowly sinking over time. Unless the church has endured temperatures of more than 400˚C, the chances are they are uneven because that’s the way they were blown and (c) solidified in the first place. Flat glass was only developed in the nineteenth century and we had to wait until the middle of the twentieth century for truly flat, thin sheets of glass. The (d) paradox is that, despite it being one of the very oldest human-made substances, scientists still struggle to comprehend why glass behaves the way it does. Glass seems to (e) obey most molecular laws. As one glassmaker put it, glass is not a material; it’s a state.
* molecular: 분자의 ** amorphous: 무정형(無定形)의 *** viscous: 들러붙는

The structure of glass is, frankly, a bit of a mess. Clear and perfect as it might appear to our eyes, down at the molecular level, glass looks more like a random ball-pit of atoms. The technical term for this mess depends on who you’re asking: for some scientists it is an “amorphous solid,” for others a “supercooled liquid.” In theory it’s both liquid and solid, though, given the way it behaves, in practice it’s really the latter. In fact, at room temperature glass never behaves as a (a) liquid, even an imperceptibly viscous one, even over long periods of time (though it can “sweat” if you don’t add enough lime to the mix). Those (b) misshapen sheets of glass you sometimes see in old stained-glass windows, thicker at the bottom than the top, are generally not that way because the glass is slowly sinking over time. Unless the church has endured temperatures of more than 400˚C, the chances are they are uneven because that’s the way they were blown and (c) solidified in the first place. Flat glass was only developed in the nineteenth century and we had to wait until the middle of the twentieth century for truly flat, thin sheets of glass. The (d) paradox is that, despite it being one of the very oldest human-made substances, scientists still struggle to comprehend why glass behaves the way it does. Glass seems to (e) obey most molecular laws. As one glassmaker put it, glass is not a material; it’s a state.
* molecular: 분자의 ** amorphous: 무정형(無定形)의 *** viscous: 들러붙는

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)