Woman:

Man:

Jason:

Hello, everyone! Welcome back to your favorite online channel, With Ethan. As always, I’m trying to make this channel a place that my followers of all ages can enjoy. Recently, in the comments section, there have been some examples of language that is inappropriate for younger viewers. Also, there have been some comments that are not relevant to this channel. These kinds of comments are unacceptable for a channel like this. I would really like to ask that all of my followers keep these things in mind so that we can all enjoy this channel. I always appreciate your time and support. Please keep watching.

Timothy sat at his desk, desperately turning the pages of his science book. His science project was due in a few days and he had no idea where to start. Finally, he closed his book, hit the table, and shouted, “This is impossible!” His sister, Amelia, drawn by the noise, came into his room. “Hey, little brother, can I help?” Timothy explained his situation and Amelia immediately had a solution. She knew that Timothy enjoyed learning about environmental issues and suggested he do a project about climate change. Timothy thought about the idea and agreed that his sister was right. “Oh, Amelia, your idea is fantastic! Thank you. You are the best sister ever!”

As the world seems to be increasingly affected by the ever-expanding influence of machines in general and artificial intelligence (AI) specifically, many begin to imagine, with either fear or anticipation, a future with a diminished role for human decision making. Whether it be due to the growing presence of AI assistants or the emergence of self-driving cars, the necessity of the role of humans as the decision makers would appear to be in decline. After all, our capacity for making mistakes is well documented. However, perhaps the saving grace of human determination is to be found here as well. Little evidence exists that suggests modern AI’s infallibility or predicts it in the future. It is crucial that, in light of humanity’s acceptance of our own fallibility, we utilize our capacity to overcome such failures to position ourselves as the overseers of AI’s own growth and applications for the foreseeable future.

To balance the need for breadth (everyone feels a bit burned out) and depth (some are so burned out, they can no longer do their jobs), we ought to think of burnout not as a state but as a spectrum. In most public discussion of burnout, we talk about workers who “are burned out,” as if that status were black and white. A black-and-white view cannot account for the variety of burnout experience, though. If there is a clear line between burned out and not, as there is with a lightbulb, then we have no good way to categorize people who say they are burned out but still manage to do their work competently. Thinking about burnout as a spectrum solves this problem; those who claim burnout but are not debilitated by it are simply dealing with a partial or less-severe form of it. They are experiencing burnout without being burned out. Burnout hasn’t had the last word.
* debilitate: 쇠약하게 하다

In both the ancient hunter-gatherer band and our intimate speech communities today, the diffusion of speech shaped values. The fact that everyone was going to be able to speak and listen had to be accommodated ethically, and it was via a rough egalitarianism. In terms of communications, people were equal and therefore it was believed they should be equal, or at least relatively so. By this code, ancient Big Men were not allowed to act controllingly and modern office managers are not allowed to silence anyone at will. Moreover, equal access to speech and hearing promoted the notion that property should be held in common, that goods and food in particular should be shared, and that everyone had a duty to take care of everyone else. This was probably more true among hunter-gatherers than it is in the modern family, circle of friends, or workplace. But even in these cases we believe that sharing and mutual aid are right and proper. Remember, if you bring something, you should bring enough for everyone.
* diffusion: 확산 ** egalitarianism: 인류 평등주의

While many city shoppers were clearly drawn to the notion of buying and eating foods associated with nature, the nature claimed by the ads was no longer the nature that created the foods. Indeed, the nature claimed by many ads was associated with food products only by the ads’ attachment. This is clearly a case of what French sociologist Henri Lefebvre has called “the decline of the referentials,” or the tendency of words under the influence of capitalism to become separated from meaningful associations. Increasingly, food ads helped shoppers become accustomed to new definitions of words such as “fresh” and “natural,” definitions that could well be considered opposite of their traditional meanings. The new definitions better served the needs of the emerging industrial food system, which could not supply foods that matched customary meanings and expectations. And they better met shoppers’ desires, although with pretense.

As far back as 32,000 years ago, prehistoric cave artists skillfully used modeling shadows to give their horses and bison volume. A few thousand years ago ancient Egyptian and then ancient Greek art presented human forms in shadow-style silhouette. But cast shadows do not appear in Western art until about 400 BCE in Athens. It was only after shadows had become an established, if controversial, part of representation that classical writers claimed that art itself had begun with the tracing of a human shadow. Greeks and Romans were the first to make the transition from modeling shadows to cast shadows, a practice that implied a consistent light source, a fixed point of view, and an understanding of geometric projection. In fact, what we might now call “shadow studies” ― the exploration of shadows in their various artistic representations ― has its roots in ancient Athens. Ever since, the practice of portraying shadows has evolved along with critical analysis of them, as artists and theoreticians have engaged in an ongoing debate about the significance of shadow representation.
* geometric: 기하학의

The above graph, based on a survey conducted in 2023, shows the share of respondents who say reading is one of their personal hobbies according to their gender group in five countries. ① Among the countries shown in the graph, Spain had the largest share of females who said reading was one of their hobbies, which was 58%. ② The gap between the share of females and that of males who selected reading as one of their hobbies was larger in Germany than in Mexico. ③ The share of males who selected reading as one of their hobbies in Mexico was 41%, which was smaller than that in the United States. ④ The share of females who selected reading as one of their hobbies in the United States was larger than that in South Korea. ⑤ As for South Korea, the share of respondents who selected reading as one of their hobbies was the smallest among the countries shown in the graph for each gender, respectively.

Will Rogers (1879—1935) was a famous American public figure. He was born as the eighth child. When he was young, he was clever and mature but he dropped out of school after the 10th grade. He was very interested in cowboys and horses, and he even learned how to do rope tricks. He left the U.S. in 1902 and worked as a cowboy and roping artist in South Africa and Australia. After returning to the U.S., he appeared in more than 50 movies and was often heard on the radio as an entertainer. He was also an outstanding newspaper columnist with his wit and humor, writing more than 4,000 columns. He unfortunately died at the height of his career in 1935. Rogers was so popular that after his death his statue was installed in the U.S. Capitol. He will be remembered as a great American of many talents.

What makes practicing retrieval so much better than review? One answer comes from the psychologist R. A. Bjork’s concept of desirable difficulty. More difficult retrieval ① leads to better learning, provided the act of retrieval is itself successful. Free recall tests, in which students need to recall as much as they can remember without prompting, tend to result in better retention than cued recall tests, in which students ② give hints about what they need to remember. Cued recall tests, in turn, are better than recognition tests, such as multiple-choice answers, ③ where the correct answer needs to be recognized but not generated. Giving someone a test immediately after they learn something improves retention less than giving them a slight delay, long enough so that answers aren’t in mind when they need ④ them. Difficulty, far from being a barrier to ⑤ making retrieval work, may be part of the reason it does so.
* retrieval: 불러오기 ** retention: 보유력

Internalization depends on supports for autonomy. Contexts that use controlling strategies such as salient rewards and punishments or evaluative, selfesteem-hooking pressures are ① least likely to lead people to value activities as their own. This is not to say that controls don’t ② work to produce behavior ― decades of operant psychology prove that they can. It is rather that the more salient the external control over a person’s behavior, the more the person is likely to be merely externally regulated or introjected in his or her actions. Consequently, the person does not ③ develop a value or investment in the behaviors, but instead remains dependent on external controls. Thus, parents who reward, force, or cajole their child to do homework are more likely to have a child who does so only when rewarded, cajoled, or forced. The salience of external controls ④ drives the acquisition of self-responsibility. Alternatively, parents who supply reasons, show an emotional understanding of difficulties overcoming problems, and use a ⑤ minimum of external incentives are more likely to cultivate a sense of willingness and value for work in their child.
* autonomy: 자율성 ** salient: 두드러진 *** introject: 투입하다

When trying to establish what is meant by digital preservation, the first question that must be addressed is: what are you actually trying to preserve? This is clear in the analog environment where the information content is inextricably fixed to the physical medium. In the digital environment, the medium is not part of the ____________. A bit stream looks the same to a computer regardless of the media it is read from. A physical carrier is necessary, but as long as the source media can be read, bit-perfect copies can be made cheaply and easily on other devices, making the preservation of the original carrier of diminishing importance. As the physical media that carry digital information are quite delicate relative to most analog media, it is expected that digital information will necessarily need to be migrated from one physical carrier to another as part of the ongoing preservation process. It is not the media itself but the information on the media that needs to be preserved.
* inextricably: 풀 수 없게

Creativity is commonly defined as the production of ideas that are both novel (original, new) and useful (appropriate, feasible). Ideas that are original but not useful are irrelevant, and ideas that are useful but not original are unremarkable. While this definition is widely used in research, an important aspect of creativity is often ignored: Generating creative ideas rarely is the final goal. Rather, to successfully solve problems or innovate requires one or a few good ideas that really work, and work better than previous approaches. This requires that people evaluate the products of their own or each other’s imagination, and choose those ideas that seem promising enough to develop further, and abandon those that are unlikely to be successful. Thus, being creative _________________________________________. In fact, the ability to generate creative ideas is essentially useless if these ideas subsequently die a silent death.

Because the environment plays a significant role in aiding meaningful internal processes, subjective experience and the environment act as a ‘coupled system.’ This coupled system can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, subjective experience is extended into the external environment and vice versa; the external environment with its disciplinary objects such as institutional laws and equipment becomes mental institutions that ______________________________________. A subjectively held belief attains the status of objectivity when the belief is socially shared. That is, even if we are trained as hard-nosed health care rationalists, or no-nonsense bureaucrats, or data-driven scientists, research has shown that our decisions are influenced by various institutional practices. They include bureaucratic structures and procedures, the architectural design of health care institutions, the rules of evidence and the structure of allowable questions in a courtroom trial, the spatial arrangement of kindergartens and supermarkets, and a variety of conventions and practices designed to manipulate our emotions.
* vice versa: 역으로 ** bureaucrat: 관료

Any attempt to model musical behavior or perception in a general way is filled with difficulties. With regard to models of perception, the question arises of whose perception we are trying to model ― even if we confine ourselves to a particular culture and historical environment. Surely the perception of music varies greatly between listeners of different levels of training; indeed, a large part of music education is devoted to developing and enriching (and therefore likely changing) these listening processes. While this may be true, I am concerned here with fairly basic aspects of perception ― particularly meter and key ― which I believe are relatively consistent across listeners. Anecdotal evidence suggests, for example, that most people are able to ‘‘find the beat’’ in a typical folk song or classical piece. This is not to say that there is complete uniformity in this regard ― there may be occasional disagreements, even among experts, as to how we hear the tonality or meter of a piece. But I believe ___________________________________________.
* anecdotal: 일화의

Avian song learning occurs in two stages: first, songs must be memorized and, second, they must be practiced. In some species these two events overlap, but in others memorization can occur before practice by several months, providing an impressive example of long-term memory storage. ① The young bird’s initial efforts to reproduce the memorized song are usually not successful. ② These early songs may have uneven pitch, irregular tempo, and notes that are out of order or poorly reproduced. ③ However, sound graphs of songs recorded over several weeks or months reveal that during this practice period the bird fine-tunes his efforts until he produces an accurate copy of the memorized template. ④ An important idea to emerge from the study of birdsong is that song learning is shaped by preferences and limitations. ⑤ This process requires hearing oneself sing; birds are unable to reproduce memorized songs if they are deafened after memorization but before the practice period.
* avian: 조류의

Wildfire is a natural phenomenon in many Australian environments. The intentional setting of fire to manage the landscape was practised by Aboriginal people for millennia.

(A)
(B)
(C)

* regime: 양식 ** scrubby: 관목이 우거진

There are a number of human resource management practices that are necessary to support organizational learning.

(A)
(B)
(C)

Environmental taxes based directly on measured emissions can, in principle, be very precisely targeted to the policy’s environmental objectives. ( ① ) If a firm pollutes more, it pays additional tax directly in proportion to the rise in emissions. ( ② ) The polluter thus has an incentive to reduce emissions in any manner that is less costly per unit of abatement than the tax on each unit of residual emissions. ( ③ ) The great attraction of basing the tax directly on measured emissions is that the actions the polluter can take to reduce tax liability are actions that also reduce emissions. ( ④ ) Nevertheless, the technologies available for monitoring the concentrations and flows of particular substances in waste discharges have been developing rapidly. ( ⑤ ) In the future, it may be possible to think of taxing measured emissions in a wider range of applications.
* abatement: 감소 ** liability: 부담액

There are interesting trade-offs in the relative importance of subject matter (i.e., figure) and style (i.e., background). ( ① ) In highly representational paintings, plays, or stories, the focus is on subject matter that resembles everyday life and the role of background style is to facilitate the construction of mental models. ( ② ) Feelings of pleasure and uncertainty carry the viewer along to the conclusion of the piece. ( ③ ) In highly expressionist works, novel stylistic devices work in an inharmonious manner against the subject matter thereby creating a disquieting atmosphere. ( ④ ) Thus, when the work is less “readable” (or easily interpreted), its departure from conventional forms reminds the viewer or reader that an “aesthetic attitude” is needed to appreciate the whole episode. ( ⑤ ) An ability to switch between the “pragmatic attitude” of everyday life and an “aesthetic attitude” is fundamental to a balanced life.
* aesthetic: 미학의 ** pragmatic: 실용주의의

There is a tendency, once the dust of an emergency has settled down, to seek the reduction of famine vulnerability primarily in enhanced economic growth, or the revival of the rural economy, or the diversification of economic activities. The potential contribution of greater economic success, if it involves vulnerable groups, cannot be denied. At the same time, it is important to recognize that, no matter how fast they grow, countries where a large part of the population derive their livelihood from uncertain sources cannot hope to prevent famines without specialized entitlement protection mechanisms involving direct public intervention. Rapid growth of the economy in Botswana, or of the agricultural sector in Kenya, or of food production in Zimbabwe, explains at best only a small part of their success in preventing recurrent threats of famine. The real achievements of these countries lie in having provided direct public support to their populations in times of crisis.
* famine: 기아 ** vulnerability: 취약

If we understand critical thinking as: ‘the identification and evaluation of evidence to guide decision-making’, then ethical thinking is about identifying ethical issues and evaluating these issues from different perspectives to guide how to respond. This form of ethics is distinct from higher levels of conceptual ethics or theory. The nature of an ethical issue or problem from this perspective is that there is no clear right or wrong response. It is therefore (a) essential that students learn to think through ethical issues rather than follow a prescribed set of ethical codes or rules. There is a need to (b) encourage recognition that, although being ethical is defined as acting ‘in accordance with the principles of conduct that are considered correct’, these principles vary both between and within individuals. What a person (c) values relates to their social, religious, or civic beliefs influenced by their formal and informal learning experiences. Individual perspectives may also be context (d) dependent, meaning that under different circumstances, at a different time, when they are feeling a different way, the same individual may make different choices. Therefore, in order to analyse ethical issues and think ethically it is necessary to understand the personal factors that influence your own ‘code of behaviour’ and how these may (e) coincide, alongside recognizing and accepting that the factors that drive other people’s codes and decision making may be different.

If we understand critical thinking as: ‘the identification and evaluation of evidence to guide decision-making’, then ethical thinking is about identifying ethical issues and evaluating these issues from different perspectives to guide how to respond. This form of ethics is distinct from higher levels of conceptual ethics or theory. The nature of an ethical issue or problem from this perspective is that there is no clear right or wrong response. It is therefore (a) essential that students learn to think through ethical issues rather than follow a prescribed set of ethical codes or rules. There is a need to (b) encourage recognition that, although being ethical is defined as acting ‘in accordance with the principles of conduct that are considered correct’, these principles vary both between and within individuals. What a person (c) values relates to their social, religious, or civic beliefs influenced by their formal and informal learning experiences. Individual perspectives may also be context (d) dependent, meaning that under different circumstances, at a different time, when they are feeling a different way, the same individual may make different choices. Therefore, in order to analyse ethical issues and think ethically it is necessary to understand the personal factors that influence your own ‘code of behaviour’ and how these may (e) coincide, alongside recognizing and accepting that the factors that drive other people’s codes and decision making may be different.

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)

(A)

(B)
(C)
(D)