Man:

Woman:

Paul:

In our efforts to be the good child, the uncomplaining employee, or the cooperative patient, many of us fall into the trap of trying to please people by going along with whatever they want us to do. At times, we lose track of our own boundaries and needs, and the cost of this could be our life, both symbolically and literally. When we are unable to set healthy limits, it causes distress in our relationships. But when we learn to say no to what we don’t feel like doing in order to say yes to our true self, we feel empowered, and our relationships with others improve. So don’t be afraid to say no. Try to catch yourself in the moment and use your true voice to say what you really want to say.

In order to successfully release himself from the control of his parents, a child must be secure in his parents’ power, as represented by their loving authority. The more effectively they communicate that authority, the more secure the child feels, and the better able he is to move away from them toward a life of his own. During this lengthy process, whenever he feels threatened, he turns back toward the safety of his parents’ love and authority. In other words, it is impossible for a child to successfully release himself unless he knows exactly where his parents stand, both literally and figuratively. That requires, of course, that his parents know where they themselves stand. If they don’t know where they stand ― if, in other words, they are insecure in their authority ― they cannot communicate security to their child, and he cannot move successfully away from them. Under the circumstances, he will become clingy, or disobedient, or both.

The names of pitches are associated with particular frequency values. Our current system is called A440 because the note we call ‘A’ that is in the middle of the piano keyboard has been fixed to have a frequency of 440 Hz. This is entirely arbitrary. We could fix ‘A’ at any frequency, such as 439 or 424; different standards were used in the time of Mozart than today. Some people claim that the precise frequencies affect the overall sound of a musical piece and the sound of instruments. Led Zeppelin, a band popular in the 70s, often tuned their instruments away from the modern A440 standard to give their music an uncommon sound, and perhaps to link it with the European children’s folk songs that inspired many of their compositions. Many purists insist on hearing baroque music on period instruments, both because the instruments have a different sound and because they are designed to play the music in its original tuning standard, something that purists deem important.

A friend of mine was sitting in the Miami airport reading a magazine while she waited to catch a plane to New York. Her attention was distracted by a rough, noisy quarrel taking place at the ticket counter. “But I must get to New York today!” ① an angry lady hotly told the clerk. “I’m sorry, ma’am, but there are no more seats available,” came the reply. “But my eight-year-old daughter is on that plane. ② I can’t let her fly into New York City all by herself,” she cried. “Sorry, lady. The flight is full,” came the same answer. My friend had been watching and listening to the woman’s woeful story, and her heart was touched with compassion for ③ the distressed mother. She walked over to the ticket agent and offered to take a later flight, if it meant the woman could use ④ her ticket to travel to New York with her daughter. The agent welcomed my friend’s solution and quickly issued a revalidated ticket to ⑤ the woman, and then arranged for another flight for my friend.

Oxygen is what it is all about. Ironically, the stuff that gives us life eventually kills it. The ultimate life force lies in tiny cellular factories of energy, called mitochondria, ① that burn nearly all the oxygen we breathe in. But breathing has a price. The combustion of oxygen that keeps us alive and active ② sending out by-products called oxygen free radicals. They have Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde characteristics. On the one hand, they help guarantee our survival. For example, when the body mobilizes ③ to fight off infectious agents, it generates a burst of free radicals to destroy the invaders very efficiently. On the other hand, free radicals move ④ uncontrollably through the body, attacking cells, rusting their proteins, piercing their membranes and corrupting their genetic code until the cells become dysfunctional and sometimes give up and die. These fierce radicals, ⑤ built into life as both protectors and avengers, are potent agents of aging.

* oxygen free radical: 활성 산소
** membrane: (해부학) 얇은 막

When people started to plant stored seed stock deliberately, they also began protecting their plants. This changed the evolutionary ① pressure that these food plants experienced, as they no longer had to survive in a natural environment. Instead, people created a new environment for them, and selected for other characteristics than nature previously had. Seeds recovered at archaeological sites clearly show that farmers selected for larger seeds and ② thinner seed coats. Thick seed coats are often ③ essential for seeds to survive in a natural environment because the seeds of many wild plants remain dormant for months until winter is over and rain sets in. But under human management thick seed coats are unnecessary, as farmers ④ evade responsibility for storing seeds away from moisture and predators. In fact, seeds with thinner coats were ⑤ preferred as they are easier to eat or process into flour, and they allow seedlings to sprout more quickly when sown.

The graph above shows the Canadian volunteer rates and average annual hours of seven age groups in 2007. ① In these groups, the volunteer rates ranged from 29% to 58%, and the Canadian average rate was 46%. ② The average annual hours increased with age except for the group aged between 25 and 34, which volunteered an average of 133 hours. ③ The 15-24 age group showed the highest volunteer rate but the second fewest average annual hours. ④ The 35-44 age group had fewer average annual hours than the 45-54 age group, while the 55-64 and 65-74 age groups showed the same average annual hours. ⑤ Despite their lowest rate of volunteering, seniors aged 75 and older gave more hours on average than any other age group.

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was a French mathematician and physicist. When he was eight years old, his father died, and less than a year after this tragedy, his mother passed away, leaving him an orphan. A charitable lady helped him attend a local military school. He wanted to become an officer but was not allowed to because he was the son of a tailor. In 1795, he became a teacher at the École Normale in Paris. During the post-Revolution frenzy, he spoke out against the use of the guillotine, for which he almost lost his life. When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, Fourier and other scholars accompanied the expedition. Having returned to France, Fourier began his research on heat conduction. His mathematical theory of heat conduction earned him lasting fame. During his stay in Egypt he contracted a strange illness that confined him to well-heated rooms for the rest of his life. On May 16, 1830, Fourier died in Paris.

* guillotine: 단두대

Sometimes all the outcomes customers are trying to achieve in one area have a negative effect on other outcomes. This is very common when companies are busy listening to the ‘voice of the customer.’ Traveling salespeople, for example, may say they want a smaller cell phone, but they may not have thought about how hard that tiny phone will be to use. Carpenters may request a lightweight circular saw without thinking about the fact that it will no longer have the power to get through some of the more difficult jobs. When customers make requests for new product features, they are usually focused on solving just one problem and are not thinking of how their requested solution will ____________________. In this situation, customers request new features but reject the resulting product when they realize the ramifications of their suggestions ― the added feature turns out to be worthless because of the problems it causes.

* ramification: 파생된 문제

The success of human beings depends crucially on numbers and connections. A few hundred people cannot sustain a sophisticated technology. Recall that Australia was colonized 45,000 years ago by pioneers spreading east from Africa along the shore of Asia. The vanguard of such a migration must have been small in number and must have traveled comparatively light. The chances are they had only a sample of the technology available to their relatives back at the Red Sea crossing. This may explain why Australian aboriginal technology, although it developed and elaborated steadily over the ensuing millennia, was lacking in so many features of the Old World ― elastic weapons, for example, such as bows and catapults, were unknown, as were ovens. It was not that they were ‘primitive’ or that they had mentally regressed; it was that they ____________________ and did not have a dense enough population and therefore a large enough collective brain to develop them much further.

* catapult: 투석기

Policymaking is seen to be more objective when experts play a large role in the creation and implementation of the policy, and when utilitarian rationality is the dominant value that guides policy. Through the use of the scientific method to determine the facts of any given policy situation, the power of social constructions is supposedly diminished, and solutions to social problems are discovered in an objective way. This process creates an illusion of neutrality and implies a transcendence of the pitfalls and inequalities commonly associated with policymaking. From this perspective, scientists and professionals emerge as the appropriate experts to be consulted in policymaking, while local citizen input and knowledge is often viewed as unnecessary. Scientific and professional policy design does not necessarily escape the pitfalls of degenerative politics. Scientific and professional expertise often relies on a particular type of knowledge that is limited to utility and rationality considerations. This approach to policy typically does not consider values and cultural factors that cannot be measured empirically. Scientifically designed policies can serve interests that run counter to the public interest. They ____________________.

* transcendence: 초월

Like many errors and biases that seem irrational on the surface, auditory looming turns out, on closer examination, to be pretty smart. Animals like rhesus monkeys have evolved the same bias. This intentional error functions as an advance warning system, manned by the self-protection subself, providing individuals with a margin of safety when they are confronted with potentially dangerous approaching objects. If you spot a rhinoceros or hear an avalanche speeding toward you, auditory looming will motivate you to jump out of the way now rather than wait until the last second. The evolutionary benefits of immediately getting out of the way of approaching dangers were so strong that natural selection endowed us ― and other mammals ― with brains that ____________________. Although this kind of bias might inhibit economically rational judgment in laboratory tasks, it leads us to behave in a deeply rational manner in the real world. Being accurate is not always smart.

* avalanche: 눈사태

Mathematics will attract those it can attract, but it will do nothing to overcome resistance to science. Science is universal in principle but in practice it speaks to very few. Mathematics may be considered a communication skill of the highest type, frictionless so to speak; and at the opposite pole from mathematics, the fruits of science show the practical benefits of science without the use of words. But those fruits are ambivalent. Science as science does not speak; ideally, all scientific concepts are mathematized when scientists communicate with one another, and when science displays its products to non-scientists it need not, and indeed is not able to, resort to salesmanship. When science speaks to others, it is no longer science, and the scientist becomes or has to hire a publicist who dilutes the exactness of mathematics. In doing so, the scientist reverses his drive toward mathematical exactness in favor of rhetorical vagueness and metaphor, thus ____________________.

F. Scott Fitzgerald thought that the test of first-rate intelligence was the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still function. The eons shaped our brains in the (A) __________ direction. Confirmation bias is a term for the way the mind systematically avoids confronting contradiction. It does this by overvaluing evidence that confirms what we already think or feel and undervaluing or simply disregarding evidence that refutes it. Testimony from members of the Crow tribe about the destruction of their culture provides an extreme and tragic example of this. A man named Plenty Coups reported that “when the buffalo went away, the hearts of my people fell to the ground and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened.” He was not alone in describing the depth of despair as the end of history. “Nothing happened after that,” another Crow warrior said. “We just lived.” The emotion was so strong that the brain (B) __________ evidence of the continued existence of normal, everyday life that might have eased it.

* eon: 무한히 긴 시대, 영겁

Oil and gas resources are not likely to be impacted by climate change because they result from a process that takes millions of years and are geologically trapped. (A) __________, climate change may not only force the shutting down of oiland gas-producing areas, but increase the possibility of exploration in areas of the Arctic through the reduction in ice cover. Thus, while climate change may not impact these resources, oil and gas reserves and known or potential resources could be affected by new climate conditions, since climate change may affect access to these resources. In Siberia, (B) __________, the actual exploration challenge is the time required to access, produce, and deliver oil under extreme environmental conditions, where temperatures in January range from —20℃ to —35℃. Warming may ease extreme environmental conditions, expanding the production frontier.

* trapezoid: 사다리꼴 ** elliptical: 타원형의

It’s important that the media provide us with diverse and opposing views, so we can choose the best available options. Let’s take the example of going to war. ( ① ) War should be a last resort, obviously, undertaken when all other options have failed. ( ② ) They should be providing the most intense scrutiny on our behalf, so the public can see the other side of things. ( ③ ) Otherwise, we may be drawn into unnecessary wars, or wars fought for reasons other than those presented by governments and generals. ( ④ ) Most of the time, the media fail to perform this crucial role. ( ⑤ ) Even the large, so-called ‘liberal’ American media have admitted that they have not always been watchdogs for the public interest, and that their own coverage on some major issues “looks strikingly one-sided at times.”

* scrutiny: 면밀한 조사

Low-balling describes the technique where two individuals arrive at an agreement and then one increases the cost to be incurred by the other. For example, after the consumer has agreed to purchase a car for $8,000, the salesperson begins to add on $100 for tax and $200 for tires. These additional costs might be thought of as a metaphorical ‘low ball’ that the salesperson throws the consumer. One explanation for the effectiveness of low-balling is in terms of self-perception theory. When the consumer agrees to purchase the product under the original terms, that behavior might be used by the consumer to infer his sincere interest in the product. This inferred sincere interest in the product may enable him to endure the increased cost. An alternative explanation is in terms of impression management theory. If the consumer were to withdraw from the deal after the ‘slight’ change in the terms of agreement, he might foster the rather undesirable impression of being an irresponsible consumer unaware of these necessary charges.

There is a difference between getting what you want and getting what you think you want. Technology gives us more and more of what we think we want. These days, looking at sociable robots and digitized friends, one might assume that what we want is to be always in touch and never alone, no matter who or what we are in touch with. One might assume that what we want is plenty of weak ties, the informal networks that underpin online acquaintanceship. But if we pay attention to the real consequences of what we think we want, we may discover what we really want. We may want some stillness and solitude. As an American writer once put it, we may want to live less ‘thickly’ and wait for more infrequent but meaningful ___________________. As we put in our many hours of typing ― with all fingers or just thumbs ― we may discover that we miss the human voice. We may decide that it is fine to play chess with a robot, but that robots are unfit for any conversation about family or friends. A robot might have needs, but to understand desire, one needs language and flesh. We may decide that for these conversations, we must have a person who knows, firsthand, what it means to be born, to have parents and a family, to wish for love and perhaps children, and to anticipate death. And, of course, we must not let the virtual take us away from the real world that doesn’t go away with a power outage.

There is a difference between getting what you want and getting what you think you want. Technology gives us more and more of what we think we want. These days, looking at sociable robots and digitized friends, one might assume that what we want is to be always in touch and never alone, no matter who or what we are in touch with. One might assume that what we want is plenty of weak ties, the informal networks that underpin online acquaintanceship. But if we pay attention to the real consequences of what we think we want, we may discover what we really want. We may want some stillness and solitude. As an American writer once put it, we may want to live less ‘thickly’ and wait for more infrequent but meaningful ___________________. As we put in our many hours of typing ― with all fingers or just thumbs ― we may discover that we miss the human voice. We may decide that it is fine to play chess with a robot, but that robots are unfit for any conversation about family or friends. A robot might have needs, but to understand desire, one needs language and flesh. We may decide that for these conversations, we must have a person who knows, firsthand, what it means to be born, to have parents and a family, to wish for love and perhaps children, and to anticipate death. And, of course, we must not let the virtual take us away from the real world that doesn’t go away with a power outage.

(A)